1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; 2. Chembrane Engineering & Technology, Inc. Tianjin 300308, China
Multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) using a hollow fiber-based air-gap membrane distillation module was experimentally examined for concentrating dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid. The effects of the hot and cold feed-in temperatures, and the feed-in volumetric flow rates on the performance of the MEMD process were studied. The performance was evaluated using the performance ratio (PR), the average selectivity of water over HCl (βavg) and the permeation flux (N). Two types of porous fibers made from polypropylene were used to fabricate the MEMD modules. The experimental data indicated that hollow fibers with high porosity were preferred for the MEMD process. The PR, βavg and N all decreased as the feed concentration increased. When the feed concentration was below 12 wt-%, the PR was 6.0 – 9.6 and βavg was 10 – 190. When the concentration of HCl reached 18 wt-%, the PR and βavg were about 4.4 and 2.3, respectively. However, βavg sharply decreased to around 1.0 when the feed was further concentrated. During an operational stability test that lasted for 30 days, the performance of the MEMD modules remained good.
Effective evaporation area based on i.d. of the porous fiber/m2
0.67
0.63
Number of porous fibers
900
540
Ratio of the number of porous fibers to dense-wall fibers
1∶1
1∶1.5
Packing density/ %
35.7
32.7
Tab.2
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
1
Guo Z C, Fu Z X. Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China. Energy , 2010, 35(11): 4356–4360 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.008
2
Zhang Y G, Zhao X W, Jin X X. Membrane disposition technology of steel pickling waste acid liquor resource utilization. Industrial Water Treatment , 2006, 26(12): 18–20 (in Chinese)
3
Agrawal A, Sahu K K. An overview of the recovery of acid from spent acidic solutions from steel and electroplating industries. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2009, 171(1-3): 61–75 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.099
4
Miesiac I. Removal of zinc(II) and iron(II) from spent hydrochloric acid by means of anionic resins. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2005, 44(4): 1004–1011 doi: 10.1021/ie0493762
5
Regel-Rosocka M. A review on methods of regeneration of steel processing. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2010, 177(1-3): 57–69 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.043
6
Alexandratos S D. Ion-exchange resins: a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2009, 48(1): 388–398 doi: 10.1021/ie801242v
7
Mara?ón E, Suárez F, Alonso F, Fernández Y, Sastre H. Preliminary study of iron removal from hydrochloric pickling liquor by ion exchange. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 1999, 38(7): 2782–2786 doi: 10.1021/ie9806895
8
Xu J, Lu S G, Fu D. Recovery of hydrochloric acid from the waste acid solution by diffusion dialysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2009, 165(1-3): 832–837 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.064
9
Luo J Y, Wu C M, Xu T W, Wu Y H. Diffusion dialysis-concept, principle and applications. Journal of Membrane Science , 2011, 366(1-2): 1–16 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.028
10
Kang M S, Yoo K S, Oh S J, Moon S H. A lumped parameter model to predict hydrochloric acid recovery in diffusion dialysis. Journal of Membrane Science , 2001, 188(1): 61–70 doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00372-6
11
Rohman F S, Othman M R, Aziz N. Modeling of batch electrodialysis for hydrochloric acid recovery. Chemical Engineering Journal , 2010, 162(2): 466–479 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.030
12
Rohman F S, Aziz N. Optimization of batch electrodialysis for hydrochloric acid recovery using orthogonal collocation method. Desalination , 2011, 275(1-3): 37–49 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.02.025
13
Wi?niewski J, Wi?niewska G, Winnicki T. Application of bipolar electrodialysis to the recovery of acids and bases from water solutions. Desalination , 2004, 169(1): 11–20 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.08.003
14
Tomaszewska M, Gryta M, Morawski A W. Study on the concentration of acid by membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science , 1995, 102(15): 113–122 doi: 10.1016/0376-7388(94)00281-3
15
Tomaszewska M, Gryta M, Morawski A W. The influence of salt in solutions on hydrochloric acid recovery by membrane distillation. Separation and Purification Technology , 1998, 14(1-3): 183–188 doi: 10.1016/S1383-5866(98)00073-2
16
Tomaszewska M, Gryta M, Morawski A W. Recovery of hydrochloric acid from metal pickling solutions by membrane distillation. Separation and Purification Technology , 2001, 22–23 , 591–600
17
Tomaszewska M, Gryta M, Morawski A W. Mass transfer of HCl and H2O across the hydrophobic membrane during membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science , 2000, 166(2): 149–157 doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00263-X
18
Tang J J, Zhou K G. Hydrochloric acid recovery from rare earth chloride solutions by vacuum membrane distillation. Rare Metals , 2006, 25(3): 287–292 doi: 10.1016/S1001-0521(06)60055-7
19
Guillén-Burrieza E, Blanco J, Zaragoza G, Alarcón D C, Palenzuela P, Ibarra M, Gernjak W. Experimental analysis of an air gap membrane distillation solar desalination pilot system. Journal of Membrane Science , 2011, 379(1-2): 386–396 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.06.009
20
Fiorini P, Sciubba E. Thermoeconomic analysis of a MSF desalination plant. Desalination , 2005, 182(1-3): 39–51 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.008
21
Gilron J, Song L M, Sirkar K K. Design for cascade of crossflow direct contact membrane distillation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2007, 46(8): 2324–2334 doi: 10.1021/ie060999k
22
Lee H Y, He F, Song L M, Gilron J, Sirkar K K. Desalination with a cascade of cross-flow hollow fiber membrane distillation devices integrated with a heat exchanger. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers , 2011, 57(7): 1780–1795 doi: 10.1002/aic.12409
23
Gore W L, Gore R W, Gore D W. US Patent, 4545862, 1985–08–10
24
Koschikowski J, Wieghaus M, Rommel M. Solar thermal-driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation. Desalination , 2003, 156(1-3): 295–304 doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00360-6
25
Guijt C M, Meindersma G W, Reith T, de Haan A B. Air gap membrane distillation 2. Model validation and hollow fibre module performance analysis. Separation and Purification Technology , 2005, 43(3): 245–255 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.09.016
26
Cheng L H, Wu P C, Chen J H. Numerical simulation and optimal design of AGMD-based hollow fiber modules for desalination. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2009, 48(10): 4948–4959 doi: 10.1021/ie800832z
27
Hanemaaijer J H, van Heuven J W. US Patent, 6716355, 2004–04–06
28
Alklaibi A, Lior N. Heat and mass transfer resistance analysis of membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science , 2006, 282(1-2): 362–369 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.040
29
Banat F A, Simandl J. Membrane distillation for dilute ethanol: Separation from aqueous streams. Journal of Membrane Science , 1999, 163(2): 333–348 doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00178-7
30
Perry R H, Green D W. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, 2–76
31
Abu Al-Rub F A, Banat F, Bani-Melhem K. Sensitivity analysis of air gap membrane distillation. Separation and Purification Technology , 2003, 38(15): 3645–3667
32
Wormald C J. Water-hydrogen chloride association. Second virial cross coefficients for water-hydrogen chloride from gas phase excess enthalpy measurements. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics , 2003, 35(3): 417–431 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00362-2