Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs
Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs
Huining HE1,2, Qiuling LIANG2, Meong Cheol SHIN1, Kyuri LEE1, Junbo GONG3, Junxiao YE3, Quan LIU3, Jingkang WANG3, Victor YANG1,2()
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Avbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300072, China; 3. State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Successful development of a new drug is prohibitively expensive, and is estimated to cost approximately $100–500 million US dollars for a single clinical drug. Yet, a newly developed drug can only enjoy its patent protection for 18 years, meaning that after this protected time period, any company can manufacture this product and thus the profit generated by this drug entity would reduce dramatically. Most critically, once a drug is being synthesized, its physical, chemical, and biological attributes such as bioavailability and in vivo pharmacokinetics are all completely fixed and cannot be changed. In principal and practice, only the application of an appropriately designed drug delivery system (DDS) is able to overcome such limitations, and yet the cost of developing a novel drug delivery system is less than 10% of that of developing a new drug. Because of these reasons, the new trend in pharmaceutical development has already begun to shift from the single direction of developing new drugs in the past to a combined mode of developing both new drugs and innovative drug delivery systems in this century. Hence, for developing countries with relatively limited financial resources, a smart strategic move would be to focus on the development of new DDS, which has a significantly higher benefit/risk ratio when comparing to the development of a new drug.
Because of the unmatched reaction efficiency and a repetitive action mode, the therapeutic activity of a single bio-macromolecular drug (e.g., protein toxins, gene products, etc.) is equivalent to about 106–108 of that from a conventional small molecule anti-cancer agent (e.g., doxorubicin). Hence, bio-macromolecular drugs have been recognized around the world as the future “drug-of-choice”. Yet, among the>10000 drugs that are currently available, only ~150 of them belong to these bio-macromolecular drugs (an exceedingly low 1.2%), reflecting the difficulties of utilizing these agents in clinical practice. In general, the bottleneck limitations of these bio-macromolecular drugs are two-fold: (1) the absence of a preferential action of the drug on tumor cells as opposed to normal tissues, and (2) the lack of ability to cross the tumor cell membrane. In this review, we provide strategies of how to solve these problems simultaneously and collectively via the development of innovative drug delivery systems. Since worldwide progress on bio-macromolecular therapeutics still remains in the infant stage and thus open for an equal-ground competition, we wish that this review would echo the desire to industrialized countries such as China to set up its strategic plan on developing delivery systems for these bio-macromolecular drugs, thereby realizing their clinical potential.
Corresponding Author(s):
YANG Victor,Email:vcyang@med.umich.edu
引用本文:
. Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs[J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2013, 7(4): 496-507.
Huining HE, Qiuling LIANG, Meong Cheol SHIN, Kyuri LEE, Junbo GONG, Junxiao YE, Quan LIU, Jingkang WANG, Victor YANG. Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2013, 7(4): 496-507.
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