Review of solvent based carbon-dioxide capture technologies
Kathryn A. MUMFORD, Yue WU, Kathryn H. SMITH, Geoffrey W. STEVENS()
Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, Cooperative Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Currently, a large proportion of global fossil fuel emissions originate from large point sources such as power generation or industrial processes. This trend is expected to continue until the year 2030 and beyond. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), a straightforward and effective carbon reduction approach, will play a significant role in reducing emissions from these sources into the future if atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are to be stabilized and global warming limited below a threshold of 2 °C. This review provides an update on the status of large scale integrated CCS technologies using solvent absorption for CO2 capture and provides an insight into the development of new solvents, including advanced amine solvents, amino acid salts, carbonate systems, aqueous ammonia, immiscible liquids and ionic liquids. These proposed new solvents aim to reduce the overall cost CO2 capture by improving the CO2 absorption rate, CO2 capture capacity, thereby reducing equipment size and decreasing the energy required for solvent regeneration.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2015, 9(2): 125-141.
Kathryn A. MUMFORD, Yue WU, Kathryn H. SMITH, Geoffrey W. STEVENS. Review of solvent based carbon-dioxide capture technologies. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 125-141.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company
0.8
Iron and steel (pre)
2016
EOR
[20]
Execute
CS: Fluor Econamine FG PlusSM
Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project
Texas, USA
NRG Energy, JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration
1.4
PCC (sub-bituminous coal) (post)
2016
EOR
[21]
Tab.1
Rectisol
Companies: Linde AG, Lurgi AG. Major components: chilled methanol. Operating requirements or advantages: (1)?Deep refrigeration (typical operation temperature is below 0 °C due to the fact that methanol has a relatively high vapour pressure at normal process conditions). (2)?Water washing of effluent streams to prevent high solvent losses. Limitations: exhibit higher selectivity for H2S over CO2.
Selexol [25]
Companies: Norton, Dow, UOP. Major components: dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol (DPEG). Operating requirement or advantages: (1)?Exhibits the highest CO2 solubility among physical solvents. (2)?No water wash is required due to a very low vapour pressure. (3)?Able to operate at a broad temperature range: from 0 °C to 175 °C. (4)?Selexol is less costly than Rectisol for CO2 sequestering. Limitations: higher viscosity than most physical solvents, particularly at low temperatures, resulting in low mass transfer and high packing requirements.
Sepasolv-MPE
Companies: BASF. Major components: mixture of polyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers. Operating requirements or advantages: ?Similar in performance and operation to Selexol process. Limitations: no longer licensed.
Fluor solvent
Companies: Fluor. Major components: propylene carbonate (PC). Operating requirements or advantages: (1)?Has been in use since the late 1950s. (2)?A higher vapour pressure than Selexol, although solvent losses are still low. Limitations: It is not recommend for use if more than trace levels of H2S are present. It reacts irreversibly with water and is unstable at high temperatures and thus operating temperature is below 65 °C.
Purisol
Companies: Lurgi GmbH. Major components: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Operating requirements or advantages: (1)?Water washing of treated and rejected acid gas should be taken into consideration for solvent recovery. (2)?A higher vapour pressure than Selexol and Fluor solvent and therefore operates at ambient temperatures or below. Limitations: exhibit higher selectivity for H2S over CO2.
Morphysorb [26]
Companies: ThyssenKrupp. Major components: N-formyl-morpholine (NFM) and N-acetyl-morpholine (NAM). Operating requirements or advantages: A specialty solvent first used industrially in 2002. It was developed for its high selectivity of acid gases over heavier hydrocarbons.
Tab.2
Solvent
Facility
Location
Company
Slip-stream /MW
Processing capacity /(t CO2·d−1)
Source
Operational date
Ref.
MEA
Boundary Dam Power Station
Saskatchewan, Canada
SaskPower
4
Lignite/ brown coal
2000
[43,44]
MEA
Tarong Power Station
Tarong, Australia
CSIRO
0.1
2
Black coal, PCC
2008
[45]
MEA
Loy Yang Power Station
Latrobe Valley, Australia
CSIRO
1
Brown coal, PCC
2008
[46]
MEA
Huaneng Beijing Cogeneration Plant
Beijing, China
CSIRO
8
8
Black coal, PCC
2008
[47,48]
MEA
Jilin Oil Field
Jilin Province, China
PetroChina
550
Natural gas
2009
[49]
MEA
Brindisi Power Plant
Cortemaggiore, Italy
ENEL
54
Coal
2011
[50]
MDEA
Elcogas Puertollano
Puertollano, Spain
Elcogas
5
100
Coal and petcoke IGCC
2011
[51]
MEA Advanced amine (H3-1)
Tokyo Electric Power Station
Yokosuka, Japan
Hitachi
<1
Coal, PCC
Early 1990s
[52]
Advanced amine (H3-1)
SaskPower, Shand Power Station
Estevan, Saskatchewan
Hitachi
120
Canadian lignite
2014
[52]
MEA Advanced amine (H3-1)
E.W. Brown Generating Station
Kentucky, USA
Hitachi
0.7
15
Coal
2014
[53]
Advanced amine (UCARSOLTM FGC 3000)
Dow Chemicals, South Charleston
West Virginia, USA
Dow Chemical
5
Coal, PCC
2009
[54]
MEA Advanced amine (RS-1, RS-2, RS-3)
International Test Centre for CO2 Capture
University of Regina, Canada
SaskPower
0.25
1
Steam boiler
2000
[55,56]
Advanced amine (Cansolv-Shell)
Aberthaw
Wales, UK
RWE
3
50
Coal
2013
[57]
MEA Advanced amine (CASTOR 1, CASTOR 2)
Dong Energy
Esbjerg, Denmark
European Commission Funded, IFP-run
3
24
Coal, PCC
2008
[58]
Advanced amine (KoSol series)
Boryeong Thermal Power Plant
Boryeong, Republic of Korea
KEPCO
10
2
Coal, PCC
2010
[59]
KS-1, KM-CDR Process
MHI Hiroshima R&D Centre
Hiroshima, Japan
MHI
1
Coal, PCC
2004
[60]
KS-1, KM-CDR Process
J-Power, Matsushima Thermal Power Station
Nagasaki, Japan
MHI
10
Coal, PCC
2006
[60]
KS-1, KM-CDR Process
KEPCO, Nanko Natural Gas
Osaka, Japan
MHI
0.1
2
Natural gas
1991
[60]
KS-1, KM-CDR Process
Georgia Power’s Plant Yates
Georgia, USA
MHI and Southern Company
0.1
Coal
2010
[22]
KS-1, KM-CDR Process
Plant Barry Power Station
Mobile, Alabama, USA
MHI, Southern Energy, Electric Power Research Institute
25
410
Coal
2011
[61]
Advanced amine (TNO CORAL)
CATO-2 CO2 Catcher
Rotterdam, Netherlands
E .ON TNO
0.4
6
Coal, PCC
2008
[62,63]
Amine mixture
Shidongkou
China
Huaneng
300
Coal
2011
[64]
Amine
Ferrybridge CCSPilot100+
UK
SSE
5
100
Coal
2012
[65]
CESAR-1, CESAR-2
Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD)
European Union
Enhanced Separation & Recovery
54–105
Prepared flue gas
2011
[66,67]
Mixed amine Fluor Econamine FG PlusSM
Wilhelmshaven
Germany
E. ON
70
Coal
2012
[68]
Ammonia
Delta Electricity Munmorah Power Station
Munmorah, Australia
CSIRO
3
Black coal PCC
2009
[69]
Ammonia
Burger Plant
Shadyside, OH, USA
First Energy
1
Coal, PCC
2008
[70]
Alstom chilled ammonia
Pleasant Prairie
WI, USA
Alstom
5
40
Coal, PCC
2008–2009
[71]
Alstom chilled ammonia
AEP Mountaineer
WV, USA
AEP
20
Coal, PCC
2009–2011
[72]
Alstom chilled ammonia
Karlshamn, Power Plant
Sweden
E. ON
5
40
Sulphur oil
2009–2010
[73]
Amine, chilled ammonia
European CO2 Test Centre Mongstad
Mongstad, Norway
Norwegian Government, Statoil, Sasol, Shell
280
Natural gas
2012
[74]
Amino acid salt (Siemens PostCapTM)
Polk Power Plant
FL, USA
TampaElectric
800
IGCC
2014
[75]
Amino acid salt (Siemens PostCapTM)
E. ON
Staudinger, Germany
Siemans
1
PCC and natural gas
2009, 2012
[76]
Immobilized carbonic anhydrase with potassium carbonate
National Carbon Capture Center, Plant Gaston
Alabama, USA
Akermin
5.6
PCC
2012
[77,78]
MEA/Piperazine/Carbonate
UT/SRP (University of Texas/Separations Research Program)
University of Texas, USA
University of Texas
0.1–0.5
1.3–5.9
Prepared flue gas
2002
[79]
Potassium carbonate
Hazelwood Power Station
Latrobe Valley, Australia
CO2CRC
1–25
Brown coal PCC
2009–2013
[80]
Potassium carbonate
HRL Research Gasifier
Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia
CO2CRC
1
IGCC
2009–2010
[81]
Piperazine (concentrated)
URS (University of Texas)
NCCC, USA
Trimeric Corporation / University of Texas
0.1–0.5
Prepared flue gas
2013
[22]
Piperazine
Colorado Springs Utilities Drake #7
Colorado Spring, CO, USA
Neumann Systems Group
0.5
PCC
2014
[82]
Physical-dimethyl-ether of poly-ethylene-glycol (DEPEG)
Extensive operational/design experience available; An extra degree of freedom determining the compositions of amine mixtures to optimise its performance
Corrosion; Solvent degradation; Form heat stable salts with SO2 and NO; Amine emission; Viscous
Develop novel amine based solvents to lower regeneration energy required, oxidative degradation, corrosion, and increase reaction kinetics and absorption capacity; Heat integration; Equipment innovation such as intercooling system
[22,119–121]
Amino acid salt
Siemens; BASF
PostCap; Puratreat
Low vapour pressure; Low oxidative degradation and emission; Reactive towards CO2; Low environmental impact; Similar rate constants to MEA
Forms heat stable salts with SO2 and NO; High heat of regeneration
Performance should be examined on a larger scale and in a real industrial situation
Scale up of plant based trials; Process of design of large scale systems; Examine new promoter systems; Slurry handling system design and simulation
[22,80,126]
Aqueous ammonia
Alstom; CSIRO; PowerSpan
CAP
Does not decompose, high capacity, high purity product, competitive heat of regeneration
High ammonia vapour pressure; Slower kinetics than MEA; Solid ammonium bicarbonate formation; Ammonia emission; Harsh conditions duo to operating temperature
Additives to enhance CO2 absorption rate and suppress ammonia vapour, re-engineering industrial ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer production and combined capture of CO2 and SO2
[22,69,127–131]
Immiscible liquid
3H Company
Self-concentrating absorbent CO2 capture process
Low regeneration energy; Non-aqueous environment to mitigate corrosion, degradation and formation of stable salts
Mechanism and chemistry unsure; Low maturity
Develop new system using different liquids; More testing and research on bench scale should be conducted
[22]
Ionic liquid
Notre Dame; Georgia Tech.
NDIL0046; NDIL0157; RevILs
High thermal stability, no water evaporation in regeneration, no vapour pressure, tailorable
Expensive; High viscosity; High selectivity to water
Improve operating performance of ILs; Improve process chemistry; Integration of capture with manufacturing saleable goods, i.e., organic carbonates, formic acid
[22,132–134]
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