Self-supported transition metal phosphide based electrodes as high-efficient water splitting cathodes
Yan Zhang1, Jian Xiao1, Qiying Lv1, Shuai Wang1,2()
1. State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China 2. Flexible Electronics Research Center (FERC), School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Electrolytic water splitting has been considered as a promising technology to produce highly pure H2 by using electrical power produced from wind, solar energy or other fitful renewable energy resources. Combining novel self-supporting structure and high-performance transition metal phosphides (TMP) shows substantial promise for practical application in water splitting. In this review, we try to provide a comprehensive analysis of the design and fabrication of various self-supported TMP electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction, which are divided into three categories: catalysts growing on carbon-based substrates, catalysts growing on metal-based substrates and freestanding catalyst films. The material structures together with catalytic performances of self-supported electrodes are presented and discussed. We also show the specific strategies to further improve the catalytic performance by elemental doping or incorporation of nanocarbons. The simple and one-step methods to fabricate self-supported TMP electrodes are also highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for self-supported TMP electrodes in water splitting application are briefly discussed.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2018, 12(3): 494-508.
Yan Zhang, Jian Xiao, Qiying Lv, Shuai Wang. Self-supported transition metal phosphide based electrodes as high-efficient water splitting cathodes. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(3): 494-508.
Walter M G, Warren E L, McKone J R, Boettcher S W, Mi Q X, Santori E A, Lewis N S. Solar water splitting cells. Chemical Reviews, 2010, 110(11): 6446–6473 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr1002326
3
McCrory C C L, Jung S, Ferrer I M, Chatman S M, Peters J C, Jaramillo T F. Benchmarking hydrogen evolving reaction and oxygen evolving reaction electrocatalysts for solar water splitting devices. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(13): 4347–4357 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja510442p
4
Zeng M, Li Y. Recent advances in heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(29): 14942–14962 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA02974K
5
Fang M, Dong G, Wei R, Ho J C. Hierarchical nanostructures: Design for sustainable water splitting. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7(23): 1700559 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700559
6
Cheng N, Stambula S, Wang D, Banis M N, Liu J, Riese A, Xiao B, Li R, Sham T K, Liu L, et al. Platinum single-atom and cluster catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nature Communications, 2016, 7: 13638 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13638
7
Chen Z, Ye S, Wilson A R, Ha Y, Wiley B J. Optically transparent hydrogen evolution catalysts made from networks of copper-platinum core-shell nanowires. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7(4): 1461–1467 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00211C
8
Wang J H, Cui W, Liu Q, Xing Z C, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Recent progress in cobalt-based heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical water splitting. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(2): 215–230 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502696
9
Zhang J, Wang T, Liu P, Liao Z Q, Liu S H, Zhuang X D, Chen M W, Zschech E, Feng X L. Efficient hydrogen production on MoNi4 electrocatalysts with fast water dissociation kinetics. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 15437 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15437
10
Wang T, Guo Y, Zhou Z, Chang X, Zheng J, Li X. Ni-Mo nanocatalysts on Ndoped graphite nanotubes for highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution in acid. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(11): 10397–10403 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b06259
11
Gong M, Zhou W, Tsai M C, Zhou J G, Guan M Y, Lin M C, Zhang B, Hu Y F, Wang D Y, Yang J, et al. Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 4695 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5695
12
Jin Y S, Wang H T, Li J J, Yue X, Han Y J, Shen P K, Cui Y. Porous MoO2 nanosheets as non-noble bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(19): 3785–3790 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201506314
13
Tang Y J, Wang Y, Wang X L, Li S L, Huang W, Dong L Z, Liu C H, Li Y F, Lan Y Q. Molybdenum disulfide/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with enlarged interlayer spacing for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Advanced Energy Materials, 2016, 6(12): 1600116 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600116
14
Wang J, Zhong H X, Wang Z L, Meng F L, Zhang X B. Integrated three-dimensional carbon paper/carbon tubes/cobalt-sulfide sheets as an efficient electrode for overall water splitting. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(2): 2342–2348 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b07126
15
Tang C, Cheng N Y, Pu Z H, Xing W, Sun X P. NiSe nanowire film supported on nickel foam: An efficient and stable 3D bifunctional electrode for full water splitting. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(32): 9351–9355 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201503407
16
Chen X S, Liu G B, Zheng W, Feng W, Cao W W, Hu W P, Hu P A. Vertical 2D MoO2/MoSe2 core-shell nanosheet arrays as high-performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(46): 8537–8544 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603674
17
Yan H J, Tian C G, Wang L, Wu A P, Meng M C, Zhao L, Fu H G. Phosphorus-modified tungsten nitride/reduced graphene oxide as a high-performance, non-noble-metal electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 127(21): 6423–6427 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201501419
18
Shi J L, Pu Z H, Liu Q, Asiri A M, Hu J M, Sun X P. Tungsten nitride nanorods array grown on carbon cloth as an efficient hydrogen evolution cathode at all pH values. Electrochimica Acta, 2015, 154: 345–351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.096
19
Callejas J F, Read C G, Roske C W, Lewis N S, Schaak R E. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of metal phosphide catalysts for the hydrogen-evolution reaction. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28(17): 6017–6044 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02148
20
Yang Y, Fei H L, Ruan G D, Tour J M. Porous cobalt-based thin film as a bifunctional catalyst for hydrogen generation and oxygen generation. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(20): 3175–3180 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500894
21
Tang C, Xie L S, Wang K Y, Du G, Asiri A M, Luo Y L, Sun X P A. Ni2P nanosheet array integrated on 3D Ni foam: An efficient, robust and reusable monolithic catalyst for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane toward on-demand hydrogen generation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(32): 12407–12410 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA05604K
22
Tang C, Zhang R, Lu W B, Wang Z, Liu D N, Hao S, Du G, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Energy-saving electrolytic hydrogen generation: Ni2P nanoarray as a high-performance non-noble-metal electrocatalyst. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(3): 842–846 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201608899
23
Wu H B, Xia B Y, Yu L, Yu X Y, Lou X W. Porous molybdenum carbide nano-octahedrons synthesized via confined carburization in metal-organic frameworks for efficient hydrogen production. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 6512 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7512
24
Ma F X, Wu H B, Xia B Y, Xu C Y, Lou X W. Hierarchical β-Mo2C nanotubes organized by ultrathin nanosheets as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(51): 15395–15399 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201508715
25
Vrubel H, Hu X L. Molybdenum boride and carbide catalyze hydrogen evolution in both acidic and basic solutions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2012, 51(51): 12703–12706 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207111
26
Li H, Wen P, Li Q, Dun Q C, Xing J H, Lu C, Adhikari S, Jiang L, Carroll D L, Geyer S M. Earth-abundant iron diboride (FeB2) nanoparticles as highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7(17): 1700513 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700513
27
Zhang J T, Qu L T, Shi G Q, Liu J Y, Chen J F, Dai L M N. P-codoped carbon networks as efficient metal-free bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2016, 55(6): 2230–2234 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510495
28
Das R K, Wang Y, Vasilyeva S V, Donoghue E, Pucher I, Kamenov G, Cheng H P, Rinzler A G. Extraordinary hydrogen evolution and oxidation reaction activity from carbon nanotubes and graphitic carbons. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(8): 8447–8456 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5030225
29
Carenco S, Portehault D, Boissière C, Mézailles N, Sanchez C. Nanoscaled metal borides and phosphides: Recent developments and perspectives. Chemical Reviews, 2013, 113(10): 7981–8065 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400020d
30
Xiao P, Chen W, Wang X. A review of phosphide-based materials for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(24): 1500985 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500985
31
Tang C, Qu F L, Asiri A M, Luo Y L, Sun X P. CoP nanoarray: A robust non-noble-metal hydrogen-generating catalyst toward effective hydrolysis of ammonia borane. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 2017, 4(4): 659–662 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6QI00518G
32
Popczun E J, McKone J R, Read C G, Biacchi A J, Wiltrout A M, Lewis N S, Schaak R E. Nanostructured nickel phosphide as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(25): 9267–9270 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403440e
33
McEnaney J M, Crompton J C, Callejas J F, Popczun E J, Biacchi A J, Lewis N S, Schaak R E. Amorphous molybdenum phosphide nanoparticles for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26(16): 4826–4831 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm502035s
34
Xing Z C, Liu Q, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Closely Interconnected network of molybdenum phosphide nanoparticles: A highly efficient electrocatalyst for generating hydrogen from water. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(32): 5702–5707 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401692
35
Feng Y, Yu X Y, Paik U Y. Nickel cobalt phosphides quasi-hollow nanocubes as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline solution. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(8): 1633–1636 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC08991C
36
Liu Q, Tian J Q, Cui W, Jiang P, Cheng N Y, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Carbon nanotubes decorated with CoP nanocrystals: A highly active non-noble-metal nanohybrid electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(26): 6710–6714 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201404161
37
Li X L, Liu W, Zhang M Y, Zhong Y R, Weng Z, Mi Y Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Cha J J, Tang Z Y, et al. Strong metal-phosphide interactions in core-shell geometry for enhanced electrocatalysis. Nano Letters, 2017, 17(3): 2057–2063 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00126
38
Wang X D, Cao Y, Teng Y, Chen H Y, Xu Y F, Kuang D B. Large-area synthesis of Ni2P honeycomb electrode for highly efficient water splitting. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(38): 32812–32819 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10893
39
Ledendecker M, Calderon S K, Papp C, Steinruck H P, Antonietti M, Shalom M. The synthesis of nanostructured Ni5P4 films and their use as a non-noble bifunctional electrocatalyst for full water splitting. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(42): 12361–12365 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201502438
40
Liu T T, Wang K Y, Du G, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Self-supported CoP nanosheet arrays: A nonprecious metal catalyst for efficient hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH4 solution. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(34): 13053–13057 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA02997C
41
Liu T T, Xie L S, Yang J H, Kong R M, Du G, Asiri A M, Sun X P, Chen L. Self-standing CoP nanosheets array: A three-dimensional bifunctional catalyst electrode for overall water splitting in both neutral and alkaline media. ChemElectroChem, 2017, 4(8): 1840–1845 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700392
42
Jiang N, You B, Sheng M L, Sun Y J. Electrodeposited cobalt-phosphorous-derived films as competent bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(21): 6251–6254 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201501616
43
Liu Q, Gu S, Li C M. Electrodeposition of nickel-phosphorus nanoparticles film as a Janus electrocatalyst for electro-splitting of water. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 299: 342–346 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.027
44
Han S, Feng Y L, Zhang F, Yang C Q, Yao Z Q, Zhao W X, Qiu F, Yang L Y, Yao Y F, Zhuang X D, et al. Metal-phosphide-containing porous carbons derived from an ionic-polymer framework and applied as highly efficient electrochemical catalysts for water splitting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25(25): 3899–3906 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501390
45
Zhang G, Wang G H, Liu Y, Liu H J, Qu J H, Li J H. Highly active and stable catalysts of phytic acid-derivative transition metal phosphides for full water splitting. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138(44): 14686–14693 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b08491
46
Zhang T Q, Liu J, Huang L B, Zhang X D, Sun Y G, Liu X C, Bin D S, Chen X, Cao A M, Hu J S, et al. Microbial phosphorous enabled synthesis of phosphides nanocomposites for efficient electrocatalysts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(32): 11248–11253 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06123
47
Ma T Y, Dai S, Qiao S Z. Self-supported electrocatalysts for advanced energy conversion processes. Materials Today, 2015, 19(5): 265–273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.10.012
48
Pi M Y, Wu T L, Zhang D K, Chen S J, Wang S X. Self-supported three-dimensional mesoporous semimetallic WP2 nanowire arrays on carbon cloth as a flexible cathode for efficient hydrogen evolution. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(47): 19779–19786 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR05747K
49
Li Y J, Zhang H C, Jiang M, Zhang Q, He P L, Sun X M. 3D self-supported Fe-doped Ni2P nanosheet arrays as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(37): 1702513 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702513
50
Yu J, Li Q Q, Li Y, Xu C Y, Zhen L, Dravid V P, Wu J S. Ternary metal phosphide with triple-layered structure as a low-cost and efficient electrocatalyst for bifunctional water splitting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(42): 7644–7651 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603727
51
Zhang Z Y, Liu S S, Xiao J, Wang S. Fiber-based multifunctional nickel phosphide electrodes for flexible energy conversion and storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(24): 9691–9699 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA03732A
52
Shi Y M, Zhang B. Recent advances in transition metal phosphide nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications in hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemical Society Reviews, 2016, 45(6): 1529–1541 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00434A
53
Prins R, Bussell M E. Metal phosphides: Preparation, characterization and catalytic reactivity. Catalysis Letters, 2012, 142(12): 1413–1436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-012-0929-7
54
Strmcnik D, Lopes P P, Genorio B, Stamenkovic V R, Markovic N M. Design principles for hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst materials. Nano Energy, 2016, 29: 29–36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.017
55
Wang Y, Kong B, Zhao D Y, Wang H T, Selomulya C. Strategies for developing transition metal phosphides as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for water splitting. Nano Today, 2017, 15: 26–55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.06.006
56
Morales-Guio C G, Stern L A, Hu X L. Nanostructured hydrotreating catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(18): 6555–6569 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60468C
57
Seh Z W, Kibsgaard J, Dickens C F, Chorkendorff I, Nørskov J K, Jaramillo T F. Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: Insights into materials design. Science, 2017, 355: eaad4998
58
Vrubel H, Moehl T, Gratzel M, Hu X L. Revealing and accelerating slow electron transport in amorphous molybdenum sulphide particles for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemical Communications, 2013, 49(79): 8985–8987 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc45416a
59
Wu T L, Pi M Y, Zhang D K, Chen S J. 3D structured porous CoP3 nanoneedle arrays as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for the evolution reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(38): 14539–14544 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA05838H
60
Wang X D, Chen H Y, Xu Y F, Liao J F, Chen B X, Rao H S, Kuang D B, Su C Y. Self-supported NiMoP2 nanowires on carbon cloth as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(15): 7191–7199 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA11188B
61
Xiao W, Liu P T, Zhang J Y, Song W D, Feng Y P, Gao D Q, Ding J. Dual-functional N dopants in edges and basal plane of MoS2 nanosheets toward efficient and durable hydrogen evolution. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7(7): 1602086 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602086
62
Li Q, Xing Z C, Asiri A M, Jiang P, Sun X P. Cobalt phosphide nanoparticles film growth on carbon cloth: A high-performance cathode for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(30): 16806–16811 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.099
63
Wang X G, Li W, Xiong D H, Petrovykh D Y, Liu L F. Bifunctional nickel phosphide nanocatalysts supported on carbon fiber paper for highly efficient and stable overall water splitting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(23): 4067–4077 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505509
64
Zhang G, Song Y, Zhang H, Xu J, Duan H, Liu J. Radially aligned porous carbon nanotube arrays on carbon fibers: A hierarchical 3D carbon nanostructure for high-performance capacitive energy storage. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(18): 3012–3020 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505226
65
Xu K, Cheng H, Lv H, Wang J, Liu L, Liu S, Wu X, Chu W, Wu C, Xie Y. Controllable surface reorganization engineering on cobalt phosphide nanowire arrays for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(1): 1703322 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703322
66
Yan Y, Xia B Y, Ge X, Liu Z, Fisher A, Wang X. A flexible electrode based on iron phosphide nanotubes for overall water splitting. Chemistry, 2015, 21(50): 18062–18067 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201503777
67
Wang A L, He X J, Lu X F, Xu H, Tong Y X, Li G R. Palladium-cobalt nanotube arrays supported on carbon fiber cloth as high-performance flexible electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(12): 3669–3673 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410792
68
Tong S S, Wang X J, Li Q C, Han X J. Progress on electrocatalysts of hydrogen evolution reaction based on carbon fiber materials. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 44(9): 1447–1457 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2040(16)60958-1
69
Liang Y, Liu Q, Asiri A M, Sun X, Luo Y. Self-supported FeP nanorod arrays: A cost-effective 3D hydrogen evolution cathode with high catalytic activity. ACS Catalysis, 2014, 4(11): 4065–4069 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs501106g
70
Jiang P, Liu Q, Sun X. NiP2 nanosheet arrays supported on carbon cloth: An efficient 3D hydrogen evolution cathode in both acidic and alkaline solutions. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(22): 13440–13445 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04866K
71
Pu Z, Liu Q, Asiri A M, Sun X. Tungsten phosphide nanorod arrays directly grown on carbon cloth: A highly efficient and stable hydrogen evolution cathode at all pH values. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(24): 21874–21879 https://doi.org/10.1021/am5060178
72
Zhu W X, Tang C, Liu D N, Wang J L, Asiric A M, Sun X P. A self-standing nanoporous MoP2 nanosheet array: An advanced pH-universal catalytic electrode for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(19): 7169–7173 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01328G
73
Tian J, Liu Q, Asiri A M, Sun X. Self-supported nanoporous cobalt phosphide nanowire arrays: An efficient 3D hydrogen-evolving cathode over the wide range of pH 0–14. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, 136(21): 7587–7590 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja503372r
74
Yang X, Lu A Y, Zhu Y, Hedhili M N, Min S X, Huang K W, Han Y, Lin L J. CoP nanosheet assembly grown on carbon cloth: A highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen generation. Nano Energy, 2015, 15: 634–641 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.05.026
75
Tian J, Liu Q, Liang Y, Xing Z, Asiri A M, Sun X. FeP nanoparticles film grown on carbon cloth: An ultrahighly active 3D hydrogen evolution cathode in both acidic and neutral solutions. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(23): 20579–20584 https://doi.org/10.1021/am5064684
76
Streckova M, Mudra E, Orinakova R, Markusova-Buckova L, Sebek M, Kovalcikova A, Sopcak T, Girman V, Dankova Z, Micusik M, et al. Nickel and nickel phosphide nanoparticles embedded in electrospun carbon fibers as favourable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 303: 167–181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.147
77
Ma Y Y, Wu C X, Feng X J, Tan H Q, Yan L K, Liu Y, Kang Z H, Wang E B, Li Y G. Highly efficient hydrogen evolution from seawater by a low-cost and stable CoMoP@C electrocatalyst superior to Pt/C. Energy & Environmental Science, 2017, 10(3): 788–798 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE03768B
78
Ye C, Wang M Q, Chen G, Deng Y H, Li L J, Luo H Q, Li N B. One-step CVD synthesis of carbon framework wrapped Co2P as a flexible electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(17): 7791–7795 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00592J
79
Li D Q, Liao Q Y, Ren B W, Jin Q Y, Cui H, Wang X C. A 3D-composite structure of FeP nanorods supported by vertically aligned graphene for the high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(22): 11301–11308 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA02149F
80
Du C, Yang L, Yang F L, Cheng G Z, Luo W. Nest-like NiCoP for highly efficient overall water splitting. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(6): 4131–4137 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00662
81
Xiao X, Tao L, Li M, Lv X, Huang D, Jiang X, Pan H, Wang M, Shen Y. Electronic modulation of transition metal phosphide via doping as efficient and pH-universal electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemical Science, 2018, 9(7): 1970–1975 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SC04849A
82
Ma M, Zhu G, Xie F, Qu F L, Liu Z, Du G, Asiri A M, Yao Y D, Sun X P. Homologous catalysts based on Fe-doped CoP nanoarrays for high-performance full water splitting under benign conditions. ChemSusChem, 2017, 10(16): 3188–3192 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700693
83
Wang A L, Lin J, Xu H, Tong Y X, Li G R. Ni2P-CoP hybrid nanosheet arrays supported on carbon cloth as an efficient flexible cathode for hydrogen evolution. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(43): 16992–16999 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07704H
84
Zhang R, Tang C, Kong R M, Du G, Asiri A M, Chen L, Sun X P. Al-doped CoP nanoarray: A durable water-splitting electrocatalyst with superhigh activity. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(14): 4793–4800 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR00740J
85
Wang X D, Xu Y F, Rao H S, Xu W J, Chen H Y, Zhang W X, Kuang D B, Su C Y. Novel porous molybdenum tungsten phosphide hybrid nanosheets on carbon cloth for efficient hydrogen evolution. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(4): 1468–1475 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE03801D
86
Zhang R, Wang X, Yu S, Wen T, Zhu X W, Yang F X, Sun X N, Wang X K, Hu W P. Ternary NiCo2Px nanowires as pH-universal electrocatalysts for highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(9): 1605502 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605502
87
Zhuo J, Cabán-Acevedo M, Liang H, Samad L, Ding Q, Fu Y P, Li M X, Jin S. High-performance electrocatalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction using Se-doped pyrite-phase nickel diphosphide nanostructures. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 5(11): 6355–6361 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01657
88
Han A L, Jin S, Chen H L, Ji H X, Sun Z J, Du P W. A robust hydrogen evolution catalyst based on crystalline nickel phosphide nanoflakes on three-dimensional graphene/nickel foam: high performance for electrocatalytic hydrogen production from pH 0-14. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(5): 1941–1946 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06071G
89
Read C G, Callejas J F, Holder C F, Schaak R E. General strategy for the synthesis of transition metal phosphide films for electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(20): 12798–12803 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b02352
90
Pu Z, Amiinu I S, Mu S. In situ fabrication of tungsten diphosphide nanoparticles on tungsten foil: A hydrogen-evolution cathode for a wide pH range. Energy Technology, 2016, 4(9): 1030–1034 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600110
91
Bai Y J, Zhang H J, Fang L, Liu L, Qiu H J, Wang Y. Novel peapod array of Ni2P@graphitized carbon fiber composites growing on Ti substrate: A superior material for Li-ion batteries and the hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(10): 5434–5441 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06903J
92
Liu R W, Gu S, Du H F, Li C M. Controlled synthesis of FeP nanorod arrays as highly efficient hydrogen evolution cathode. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2014, 2(41): 17263–17267 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03638G
93
Pu Z, Liu Q, Jiang P, Asiri A M, Obaid A Y, Sun X. CoP nanosheet arrays supported on a Ti plate: An efficient cathode for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26(15): 4326–4329 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm501273s
94
Liu T T, Ma X, Liu D N, Hao S, Du G, Ma Y J, Asiri A M, Sun X P, Chen L. Mn doping of CoP nanosheets array: An efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction with enhanced activity at all pH values. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(1): 98–102 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02849
95
Zhang L, Ren X, Guo X, Liu Z, Asiri A M, Li B H, Chen L, Sun X P. Efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis at alkaline pH by interface engineering of Ni2P-CeO2. Inorganic Chemistry, 2018, 57(2): 548–552 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02665
96
Pu Z H, Liu Q, Tang C, Asiri A M, Sun X P. Ni2P nanoparticle films supported on a Ti plate as an efficient hydrogen evolution cathode. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(19): 11031–11034 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03037K
97
Pu Z, Amiinu I S, Wang M, Yang Y, Mu S. Semimetallic MoP2: An active and stable hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst over the whole pH range. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(16): 8500–8504 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR00820H
98
Pu Z, Tang C, Luo Y. Ferric phosphide nanoparticles film supported on titanium plate: A high-performance hydrogen evolution cathode in both acidic and neutral solutions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(15): 5092–5098 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.02.026
99
Jiang P, Liu Q, Liang Y, Tian J, Asiri A, Sun X. A cost-effective 3D hydrogen evolution cathode with high catalytic activity: FeP nanowire array as the active phase. Angewandte Chemie, 2014, 53(47): 12855–12859 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201406848
100
Zhou D, He L, Zhu W, Hou X, Wang K, Du G, Zheng C, Sun X, Asiri A M. Interconnected urchin-like cobalt phosphide microspheres film for highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution in both acidic and basic media. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(26): 10114–10117 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA03628G
101
Niu Z, Jiang J, Ai L. Porous cobalt phosphide nanorod bundle arrays as hydrogen-evolving cathodes for electrochemical water splitting. Electrochemistry Communications, 2015, 56: 56–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.04.010
102
Wu L, Pu Z, Tu Z, Amiinu I S, Liu S, Wang P, Mu S. Integrated design and construction of WP/W nanorod array electrodes toward efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 327: 705–712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.152
103
Son C Y, Kwak I H, Lim Y R, Park J. FeP and FeP2 nanowires for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(13): 2819–2822 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC09832G
104
Wei L, Goh K, Birer O, Karahan H, Chang J, Zhai S, Chen X, Chen Y. A hierarchically porous nickel-copper phosphide nano-foam for efficient electrochemical splitting of water. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(13): 4401–4408 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR09864A
105
Zhang Y, Liu Y W, Ma M, Ren X, Liu Z A, Du G, Asiri A M, Sun X P. A Mn-doped Ni2P nanosheet array: An efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Chemical Communications, 2017, 53(80): 11048–11051 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC06278H
106
Liang H, Gandi A N, Anjum D H, Wang X, Schwingenschlogl U, Alshareef H N. Plasma-assisted synthesis of NiCoP for efficient overall water splitting. Nano Letters, 2016, 16(12): 7718–7725 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03803
107
Tian J, Liu Q, Cheng N, Asiri A M, Sun X. Self-supported Cu3P nanowire arrays as an integrated high-performance three-dimensional cathode for generating hydrogen from water. Angewandte Chemie, 2014, 53(36): 9577–9581 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403842
108
Li W, Gao X, Xiong D, Xia F, Liu J, Song W, Xu J, Thalluri S M, Cerqueira M F, Fu X, et al. Vapor-solid synthesis of monolithic singlecrystalline CoP nanowire electrodes for efficient and robust water electrolysis. Chemical Science, 2017, 8(4): 2952–2958 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SC05167G
109
Ma Z, Li R, Wang M, Meng H, Zhang F, Bao X, Tang B, Wang X. Self-supported porous Ni-Fe-P composite as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline medium. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 219: 194–203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.004
110
Liu T T, Liu D N, Qu F L, Wang D X, Zhang L, Ge R X, Hao S, Ma Y J, Du G, Asiri A M, et al. Enhanced electrocatalysis for energy-efficient hydrogen production over CoP catalyst with nonelectroactive Zn as a promoter. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7(15): 1700020 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700020
111
Zhu Y P, Liu Y P, Ren T Z, Yuan Z Y. Self-supported cobalt phosphide mesoporous nanorod arrays: A flexible and bifunctional electrode for highly active electrocatalytic water reduction and oxidation. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25(47): 7337–7347 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503666
112
Wang X, Kolen’ko Y V, Bao X Q, Kovnir K, Liu L. One-step synthesis of self-supported nickel phosphide nanosheet array cathodes for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen generation. Angewandte Chemie, 2015, 54(28): 8188–8192 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201502577
113
Xiao J, Lv Q Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z Y, Wang S. One-step synthesis of nickel phosphide nanowire array supported on nickel foam with enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting performance. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(109): 107859–107864 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA20737E
114
Wang X, Kolen’ko Y V, Liu L. Direct solvothermal phosphorization of nickel foam to fabricate integrated Ni2P-nanorods/Ni electrodes for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(31): 6738–6741 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC00370A
115
You B, Jiang N, Sheng M, Bhushan M W, Sun Y. Hierarchically porous urchin-like Ni2P superstructures supported on nickel foam as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 6(2): 714–721 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02193
116
Tan Y, Wang H, Liu P, Cheng C, Zhu F, Hirata A, Chen M. 3D nanoporous metal phosphides toward high-efficiency electrochemical hydrogen production. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(15): 2951–2955 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505875
117
Tan Y, Wang H, Liu P, Shen Y, Cheng C, Hirata A, Fujita T, Tang Z, Chen M. Versatile nanoporous bimetallic phosphides towards electrochemical water splitting. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(7): 2257–2261 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE01109H
118
Deng C, Ding F, Li X, Guo Y, Ni W, Yan H, Sun K, Yan Y. Template-preparation of three-dimensional molybdenum phosphide sponge as high performance electrode for hydrogen evolution. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 4(1): 59–66 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA05453B
119
Kibsgaard J, Tsai C, Chan K, Benck J D, Nørskov J K, Abild-Pedersen F, Jaramillo T F. Designing an improved transition metal phosphide catalyst for hydrogen evolution using experimental and theoretical trends. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(10): 3022–3029 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02179K
120
Cheng Y, Guo J, Huang Y, Liao Z, Xiang Z. Ultrastable hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst derived from phosphide postmodified metal-organic frameworks. Nano Energy, 2017, 35: 115–120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.028
121
Minemawari H, Yamada T, Matsui H, Tsutsumi J Y, Haas S, Chiba R, Kumai R, Hasegawa T. Inkjet printing of single-crystal films. Nature, 2011, 475(7356): 364–367 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10313
122
Chi K, Zhang Z, Xi J, Huang Y, Xiao F, Wang S, Liu Y Q. Freestanding graphene paper supported three-dimensional porous graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite synthesized by inkjet printing and in flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(18): 16312–16319 https://doi.org/10.1021/am504539k
123
Pu Z, Amiinu I S, Zhang C, Wang M, Kou Z, Mu S. Phytic acid-derivative transition metal phosphides encapsulated in N,P-codoped carbon: An efficicent and durabale hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst in a wide pH range. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(10): 3555–3560 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR09883E
