Important parameters in plasma jets for the production of RONS in liquids for plasma medicine: A brief review
Anna Khlyustova1,2, Cédric Labay1,2, Zdenko Machala3, Maria-Pau Ginebra1,2, Cristina Canal1,2()
1. Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08019, Spain 2. Research centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08019, Spain 3. Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are among the key factors in plasma medicine. They are generated by atmospheric plasmas in biological fluids, living tissues and in a variety of liquids. This ability of plasmas to create a delicate mix of RONS in liquids has been used to design remote or indirect treatments for oncological therapy by treating biological fluids by plasmas and putting them in contact with the tumour. Documented effects include selective cancer cell toxicity, even though the exact mechanisms involved are still under investigation. However, the “right” dose for suitable therapeutical activity is crucial and still under debate. The wide variety of plasma sources hampers comparisons. This review focuses on atmospheric pressure plasma jets as the most studied plasma devices in plasma medicine and compiles the conditions employed to generate RONS in relevant liquids and the concentration ranges obtained. The concentrations of H2O2, NO2−, NO3− and short-lived oxygen species are compared critically to provide a useful overview for the reader.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2019, 13(2): 238-252.
Anna Khlyustova, Cédric Labay, Zdenko Machala, Maria-Pau Ginebra, Cristina Canal. Important parameters in plasma jets for the production of RONS in liquids for plasma medicine: A brief review. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(2): 238-252.
U = 7.5 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 2 mm, shielding gas O2/N2
600
2000
PBS
265b)
[31]
2
U = 18 kV, f = 24.9 kHz, d = 10 mm
60
100
Aqueous solutions
50?80a)
[32]
3
U = 10 kV, f = 9.69 kHz
150
100
DI water
1750a)
[33]
DMEM
1600a)
DMEM+ 10% FCS
1600a)
4.7
U = 3.16 kV, d = 30 mm
60 or 120
1000
DMEM
35c)
[34]
PBS
42c)
5
U = 5?9 kV, f = 5 kHz, d = 25 mm
60
500
MEM
30c)
[35]
5
U = 2 kV, P = 6 W, d = 20 mm
1800
4000
McCoy
1470.6d)
[36]
advDMEM
2117.6d)
He+O2
2
U = 15 kV, f = 1 kHz, d = 5 mm
300 600 900
360
PBS
174c) 391c) 1250c)
[37]
8
U = 28 kV, f = 2 kHz
60
300
Phenol-free RPMI 1640
6c)
[38]
Ar
1
U = 9 kV, f = 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
PBS
88.2c)
[39]
2
U = 7 kV, f = 60 Hz, d = 13 mm
300
3000
DMEM+P/S+FBS
110c)
[40]
DMEM
92c)
2
U = 10 kV, f = 60 Hz, d =3 mm
120
8000
Ringer’s saline
8c)
[41]
3
U = 0.7 kV, I = 3 mA, f = 16 kHz, P = 0.2 W
1800
DI water
800a)
[42]
3
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 15, 25 and 80 mm
300
4000
DI water
d = 15 mm, 16b)
[43]
d = 11 mm, 80b)
d = 25 mm, 3.7b)
Other gases
1, O2
U = 9 kV, f =16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
PBS
1559c)
[39]
1, N2
PBS
735c)
1, CO2
PBS
1265c)
1, air
PBS
58.8c)
Ar, RF plasma jet
1.5
F = 13.7 MHz, d = 5?13 mm
60
3000
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+)+ 1 g?L–1 D-glucose
15?250c)
[44]
Ar, kINPen
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1.1 MHz, d = 5 mm
60
1000
Phenol-free RPMI 1640
60c)
[45]
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz, d = 9 mm
100
5000
RPMI 1640+8% FCS+1% P/S
45?210d)
[46]
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz
180
5000
Phenol-free RPMI 1640
100c)
[47]
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz
180
NaCl
78d)
[48]
3
DPBS
60d)
3
RPMI 1640
88d)
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz, d = 10 mm
300
2000
PBS
1300a)
[49]
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz, d = 2?18 mm
60
3000
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+)+ 1 g?L–1 D-glucose
19?20d)
[44]
COST microplasma jet
1.4
He
250
RPMI1640
75c)
[50]
He+ O2
250
5c)
He+ H2O
250
25c)
He+ H2O+ O2
250
20c)
Tab.1
Gas
Flow rate/ (L?min−1)
Conditions
t/s
V/mL
Liquid
[NO2−]/(µmol?L−1)
Ref.
He
0.05
U = 8 kV, f = 20 kHz, d = 10 mm
240
500
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+)
1600a)
[28]
0.05
U = 8 kV, f = 20 kHz, d = 10 mm
60
500
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+)
400a)
[28]
0.1
U = 8 kV, f = 15 kHz, P = 5 W
120
100
DMEM+FBS
340b)
[29]
DI water
137b)
1
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz
300
4000
DI water
18c)
[30]
1.67
U = 7.5 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 2 mm, shielding gas O2/N2
600
2000
PBS
620c)
[31]
2
U = 1.8 kV, f = 35 kHz
180
Serum-free HBSS
125?138b)
[53]
2
U = 15 kV, f = 1 kHz, d = 5 mm
300
360
PBS
5a)
[37]
2
U = 15 kV, f = 1 kHz, d = 5 mm
600
360
PBS
10a)
[37]
2
U = 15 kV, f = 1 kHz, d = 5 mm
900
360
PBS
19.5a)
[37]
3
U = 10 kV, f = 9.69 kHz
150
100
DI water
25a)
[33]
DMEM
200a)
DMEM+ 10% FCS
500a)
5
U = 2 kV, P = 6 W, d = 20 mm
1800
4000
McCoy
435d)
[36]
advDMEM
174d)
He+N2
2
U = 7.5 kV, f =10 kHz, d= 15 mm
600
2000
PBS
590c)
[54]
Ar
1
U= 9 kV, f= 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
PBS
8.8a)
[39]
2
U = 7 kV, f = 60 Hz, d = 20 mm
300
3000
DMEM+P/S+FBS
3350a)
[40]
DMEM
2750a)
3
U = 0.7 kV, I = 3 mA, f = 16 kHz, P = 0.2 W
1800
DI water
10b)
[42]
3
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 15, 25 and 80 mm
300
4000
DI water
d = 15 mm, 11c)
[43]
d = 25 mm, 16c)
d = 80 mm, 3.7c)
1, O2
U = 9 kV, f = 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
PBS
<2.5a)
[39]
1, N2
PBS
<2.5a)
1, CO2
PBS
<2.5a)
1, air
PBS
1782a)
Ar, RF plasma jet
1.5
F = 13.7 MHz, d = 5?13 mm
60
3000
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+) +1 g?L−1 D-glucose
250b)
[44]
Ar, kINPen
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz
180
NaCl
10a)
[48]
3
DPBS
6.5a)
3
Phenol free RPMI 1640
19.5a)
3
d = 10 mm
300
2000
PBS
500b)
[49]
Tab.2
Gas
Flow rate/ (L?min−1)
Conditions
t/s
V/mL
Liquid
[NO3−]/(µmol?L−1)
Ref.
He
0.05
U = 8 kV, f = 20 kHz, d = 10 mm
240
500
PBS (Ca2+/Mg2+)
500a)
[28]
1
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 12 mm
900
100
DI water
2.4b)
[55]
1
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz
300
4000
DI water
0.47c)
[30]
1.67
U = 7.5 kV, f = 10 kHz, d = 2 mm, shielding gas O2/N2
600
2000
PBS
260c)
[31]
3
U = 10 kV, f = 9.69 kHz
150
100
DI water
250a)
[33]
DMEM
400a)
He+ N2
2
U = 7.5 kV, f = 10 kHz
600
2000
PBS
460b)
[54]
Ar
3
U = 0.7 kV, I = 3 mA, f = 16 kHz, P = 0.2 W
1800
DI water
20c)
[42]
3
U = 7 kV, f = 10 kHz
300
4000
DI water
d = 15 mm, 0.9b)
[43]
d = 25 mm, 1.5b)
d = 80 mm, 0.2b)
Air
1
U = 9 kV, f = 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
PBS
2580a)
[39]
Ar, kINPen
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz, shielding gas O2 + N2 at 5 L?min–1
180
NaCl
7a)
[48]
3
U = 2?6 kV, f = 1 MHz, shielding gas O2 + N2 at 5 L?min–1
180
DPBS
5a)
[48]
Tab.3
Gas
Flow rate/(L?min−1)
Conditions
t/s
V/mL
Liquid
[ROS]/(µmol?L−1)
Ref.
He
1
U = 9 kV, f = 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
DI water
OH•, 68
[57]
2
U =18 kV, f =24.9 kHz, d =10 mm
60
100
Aqueous solutions
OH•, 23.5
[32]
HOO•, 17
O3/O2/O, 170
3
U = 10 kV, f = 9.69 kHz
150
100
DI water
OH•, 4.12
[33]
DMEM
OH•, 3
DMEM+ 10% FCS
OH•, 0.4
N2
1
U = 9 kV, f = 16 kHz, d = 9 mm
60
100
DI water
OH•, 130
[57]
Ar
1
OH•, 84
Ar+H2O
1
OH•, 210
O2
1
OH•, 32
CO2
1
OH•, 28
Air
1
OH•,<10
Ar, kINPen
3
Shielding gas O2, O2 + N2, flow rate 5 L?min–1
180
NaCl
OH• + O2–, 1.9
[48]
DPBS
OH• + O2–, 5.6
RPMI 1640
OH• + O2–, 3.6
Tab.4
Fig.3
PAM
tplasma/s
[H2O2]max /(mmol?L−1)
[NO2−]max /(mmol?L−1)
Cell viability (Cv) /%
Cell lines
Ref.
PBS(Ca2+/Mg2+) (1 h exposure followed by DMEM addition)
120
1300
1600
Cv24h≈ 4%
Normal human skin fibroblasts (NHSF)
[28]
480
Cv24h≈ 1%
120
Cv24h≈ 10%
MRC5Vi cell line (derived from normal human lung fibroblasts MRC5)
480
Cv24h≈ 1%
120
Cv24h ≈ 45%
Human colon cancer cells (HCT116)
480
Cv24h≈ 1%
120
Cv24h≈ 30%
Melanoma cell line (Lu1205)
480
Cv24h≈ 1%
DMEM+FBS
120
14
340
Cv24h≈ 60.8% Cv48h ≈ 45%–49%
Glioblastoma (U87MG)
[29]
DMEM/modified DMEM
240
35–42
–
Cv72h≈ 40%
Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells
[34]
240
Cv72h≈ 15%
Human glioblastoma (U87MG) cells
240
Cv72h≈ 20%
Pancreatic cancer (PA-TU-8988T) cells
MEM+10% FBS
120
30
–
Cv12h≈ 50% Cv48h≈ 50%
ScaBER (from human bladder cancer)
[35]
240
Cv12h≈ 10% Cv48h≤5%
RPMI 1640
20?300
6
–
Cv24h≤10%
Human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel7402
[38]
20
Cv24h≈ 92%
5-FU-resistant Bel7402/5FU cells
40
Cv24h≈ 80%
60
Cv24h≈ 60%
120
Cv24h≈ 40%
300
Cv24h≈ 10%
DMEM w/wo 10% FBS
180
110
3350
Cv24h ≈ 10%–12%
Human glioblastoma cell line (U251SP)
[40]
180
64a)
1740a)
Cv24h≈ 95%–98%
Human mammary epithelial cell Line (MCF10A)
PBS
300 & 540
1300
500
Cv24h≈ 2%–5%
Glioblastoma human GBM cell lines (U87, U251 and LN229)
[49]
Tab.5
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