Preparation and characterization of novel carbon molecular sieve membrane/PSSF composite by pyrolysis method for toluene adsorption
Ying Yan1,2, Peng Huang1, Huiping Zhang1()
1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China 2. School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
Carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM)/paper-like stainless steel fibers (PSSF) has been manufactured by pyrolyzing poly (furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) coated on the metal fibers. PFA was synthesized using oxalic acid dihydrate as a catalyst and coated on microfibers by dip coating method. For the purpose of investigating the effects of final carbonization temperature, the composites were carbonized between 400°C and 800°C under flowing nitrogen. The morphology and microstructure were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, N2 adsorption and desorption, Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The consequences of characterization showed that the CMSM containing mesopores of 3.9 nm were manufactured. The specific surface area of the CMSM/PSSF fabricated in different pyrolysis temperature varies from 26.5 to 169.1 m2∙g−1 and pore volume varies from 0.06 to 0.23 cm3∙g−1. When pyrolysis temperature exceeds 600°C, the specific surface, pore diameter and pore volume decreased as carbonization temperature increased. Besides, the degree of graphitization in carbon matrix increased with rising pyrolysis temperature. Toluene adsorption experiments on different structured fixed bed that was padded by CMSM/PSSF and granular activated carbon (GAC) were conducted. For the sake of comparison, adsorption test was also performed on fixed bed packed with GAC. The experimental results indicated that the rate constant k′ was dramatically increased as the proportion of CMCM/PSSF composites increased on the basis of Yoon-Nelson model, which suggested that structured fixed bed padded with CMSM/PSSF composite offered higher adsorption rate and mass transfer efficiency.
A Merritt, R Rajagopalan, H C Foley. High performance nanoporous carbon membranes for air separation. Carbon, 2007, 45(6): 1267–1278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.022
2
M Sheintuch, O Nekhamkina. Architecture alternatives for propane dehydrogenation in a membrane reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 347: 900–912 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.137
3
Y Wu, X Zhang, S Liu, B Zhang, Y Lu, T Wang. Preparation and applications of microfiltration carbon membranes for the purification of oily wastewater. Separation Science and Technology, 2016, 51(11): 1872–1880 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1187169
4
İ Erdem, M Çiftçioğlu, Ş Harsa. Separation of whey components by using ceramic composite membranes. Desalination, 2006, 189(1): 87–91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.06.016
5
R Ahmad, M Aslam, E Park, S Chang, D Kwon, J Kim. Submerged low-cost pyrophyllite ceramic membrane filtration combined with GAC as fluidized particles for industrial wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 2018, 206: 784–792 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.045
6
J Kim, B van der Bruggen. The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: Review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(7): 2335–2349 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.024
7
A D S Barbosa, A D S Barbosa, T L A Barbosa, M G F Rodrigues. Synthesis of zeolite membrane (NaY/alumina): Effect of precursor of ceramic support and its application in the process of oil-water separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 200: 141–154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.001
8
Z Lai, G Bonilla, I Diaz, J G Nery, K Sujaoti, M A Amat, E Kokkoli, O Terasaki, R W Thompson, M Tsapatsis, et al.. Microstructural optimization of a zeolite membrane for organic vapor separation. Science, 2003, 300(5618): 456
9
T Tomita, K Nakayama, H Sakai. Gas separation characteristics of DDR type zeolite membrane. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2004, 68(1): 71–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2003.11.016
10
K Ghasemzadeh, A Aghaeinejad-Meybodi, A Basile. Hydrogen production as a green fuel in silica membrane reactor: Experimental analysis and artificial neural network modeling. Fuel, 2018, 222: 114–124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.146
11
Z Shao, P Joghee, I Hsing. Preparation and characterization of hybrid nafion–silica membrane doped with phosphotungstic acid for high temperature operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 229(1): 43–51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.014
12
B Yao, S Mandrà, J O Curry, S Shaikhutdinov, H Freund, J Schrier. Gas separation through bilayer silica, the thinnest possible silica Membrane. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(49): 43061–43071 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13302
13
O Salinas, X Ma, E Litwiller, I Pinnau. Ethylene/ethane permeation, diffusion and gas sorption properties of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from the prototype ladder polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1). Journal of Membrane Science, 2016, 504(Suppl C): 133–140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.052
14
J B S Hamm, A R Muniz, L D Pollo, N R Marcilio, I C Tessaro. Experimental and computational analysis of carbon molecular sieve membrane formation upon polyetherimide pyrolysis. Carbon, 2017, 119(Suppl C): 21–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.011
15
H Richter, H Voss, N Kaltenborn, S Kämnitz, A Wollbrink, A Feldhoff, J Caro, S Roitsch, I Voigt. High-flux carbon molecular sieve membranes for gas separation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(27): 7760–7763 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201701851
H Suda, K Haraya. Gas permeation through micropores of carbon molecular sieve membranes merived from kapton polyimide. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 1997, 101(20): 3988–3994 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp963997u
18
H B Park, Y K Kim, J M Lee, S Y Lee, Y M Lee. Relationship between chemical structure of aromatic polyimides and gas permeation properties of their carbon molecular sieve membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 229(1-2): 117–127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.10.023
19
Q Wu, H Liang, M Li, B Liu, Z Xu. Hierarchically porous carbon membranes derived from PAN and their selective adsorption of organic dyes. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2016, 34(1): 23–33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-016-1723-6
20
Y Fu, C Hu, D Lin, H Tsai, S Huang, W Hung, K Lee, J Lai. Adjustable microstructure carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from thermally stable polyetherimide/polyimide blends for gas separation. Carbon, 2017, 113(Suppl C): 10–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.026
21
M Teixeira, M C Campo, D A Pacheco Tanaka, M A Llosa Tanco, C Magen, A Mendes. Composite phenolic resin-based carbon molecular sieve membranes for gas separation. Carbon, 2011, 49(13): 4348–4358 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.012
22
L Cheng, Y Fu, K Liao, J Chen, C Hu, W Hung, K Lee, J Lai. A high-permeance supported carbon molecular sieve membrane fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition followed by carbonization for CO2 capture. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 460: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.033
23
K Zhang, J D Way. Optimizing the synthesis of composite polyvinylidene dichloride-based selective surface flow carbon membranes for gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 369(1-2): 243–249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.066
24
M Acharya, B A Raich, H C Foley, M P Harold, J J Lerou. Metal-supported carbogenic molecular sieve membranes: Synthesis and applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1997, 36(8): 2924–2930 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie960769d
25
M Acharya, H C Foley. Spray-coating of nanoporous carbon membranes for air separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 161(1-2): 1–5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00173-8
26
M Acharya, H C Foley. Transport in nanoporous carbon membranes: Experiments and analysis. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2000, 46(5): 911–922 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690460506
27
M S Strano, H C Foley. Temperature- and pressure-dependent transient analysis of single component permeation through nanoporous carbon membranes. Carbon, 2002, 40(7): 1029–1041 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00262-7
28
L Li, C Song, H Jiang, J Qiu, T Wang. Preparation and gas separation performance of supported carbon membranes with ordered mesoporous carbon interlayer. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 450: 469–477 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.032
29
C Song, T Wang, X Wang, J Qiu, Y Cao. Preparation and gas separation properties of poly(furfuryl alcohol)-based C/CMS composite membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2008, 58(3): 412–418 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.05.019
30
N H Ismail, W N W Salleh, N Sazali, A F Ismail. Development and characterization of disk supported carbon membrane prepared by one-step coating-carbonization cycle. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018, 57: 313–321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.038
31
C Yang, P Wu, W Gan, M Habib, W Xu, Q Fang, L Song. Low temperature CVD growth of ultrathin carbon films. AIP Advances, 2016, 6(5): 055310 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4949755
32
M B Shiflett, H C Foley. On the preparation of supported nanoporous carbon membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 179(1): 275–282 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00513-5
33
K Nikolajsen, L Kiwi-Minsker, A Renken. Structured fixed-bed adsorber based on zeolite/sintered metal fibre for low concentration VOC removal. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2006, 84(7): 562–568 https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd.05220
34
H Chen, H Zhang, Y Yan. Novel gradient porous ZSM-5 zeolite membrane/PSSF composite for enhancing mass transfer of isopropanol adsorption in a structured fixed bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(51): 16643–16650 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302609r
35
P Liu, H Zhang, H Xiang, Y Yan. Adsorption separation for high purity propane from liquefied petroleum gas in a fixed bed by removal of alkanes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 158: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.003
36
H Zhang, C Luo, Y Yan. Adsorption dynamics of isopropanol in structured fixed bed with microfibrous ZSM-5 zeolite structured composite. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017, 80: 779–786 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.09.020
37
M G Sedigh, M Jahangiri, P K T Liu, M Sahimi, T T Tsotsis. Structural characterization of polyetherimide-based carbon molecular sieve membranes. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2000, 46(11): 2245–2255 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690461116
38
X He, M Hägg. Optimization of carbonization process for preparation of high performance hollow fiber carbon membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011, 50(13): 8065–8072 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2003279
39
H Suda, K Haraya. Molecular sieving effect of carbonized kapton polyimide membrane. Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical Communications, 1995, 11(11): 1179–1180 https://doi.org/10.1039/c39950001179
40
D Q Vu, W J Koros, S J Miller. High pressure CO2/CH4 separation using carbon molecular sieve hollow fiber membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002, 41(3): 367–380 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010119w
41
C J Anderson, S J Pas, G Arora, S E Kentish, A J Hill, S I Sandler, G W Stevens. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and operating temperature on the performance of nanoporous carbon membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, 322(1): 19–27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.064
42
H Chen, H Zhang, Y Yan. Preparation and characterization of a novel gradient porous ZSM-5 zeolite membrane/PSSF composite and its application for toluene adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 209(Suppl C): 372–378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.020
43
S Kundu, A K Gupta. As (III) removal from aqueous medium in fixed bed using iron oxide-coated cement (IOCC): Experimental and modeling studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2007, 129(1): 123–131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.10.014
44
G O Wood. A model for adsorption capacities of charcoal beds I. Relative humidity effects. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 1987, 48(7): 622–625 https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668791385309
45
Y H Yoon, J H Nelson. Application of Gas Adsorption Kinetics I. A theoretical model for respirator cartridge service life. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 1984, 45(8): 509–516 https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668491400197
46
W Tsai, C Chang, C Ho, L Chen. Adsorption properties and breakthrough model of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane on activated carbons. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1999, 69(1): 53–66 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00058-8
47
C L Burket, R Rajagopalan, A P Marencic, K Dronvajjala, H C Foley. Genesis of porosity in polyfurfuryl alcohol derived nanoporous carbon. Carbon, 2006, 44(14): 2957–2963 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.029
48
B Zhang, G Shen, Y Wu, T Wang, J Qiu, T Xu, C Fu. Preparation and characterization of carbon membranes derived from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) for gas separation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009, 48(6): 2886–2890 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie8013583
49
C Wang, X Hu, J Yu, L Wei, Y Huang. Intermediate gel coating on macroporous Al2O3 substrate for fabrication of thin carbon membranes. Ceramics International, 2014, 40(7, Part B): 10367–10373 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.03.010
50
B Zhang, Y Wu, T Wang, J Qiu, S Zhang. Microporous carbon membranes from sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone): Preparation, characterization, and gas permeation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011, 122(2): 1190–1197 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34261
51
Y K Kim, J M Lee, H B Park, Y M Lee. The gas separation properties of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from polyimides having carboxylic acid groups. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 235(1-2): 139–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.02.004
52
C de Almeida Filho, A J G Zarbin. Hollow porous carbon microspheres obtained by the pyrolysis of TiO2/poly(furfuryl alcohol) composite precursors. Carbon, 2006, 44(14): 2869–2876 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.002
53
I S Chuang, G E Maciel, G E Myers. Carbon-13 NMR study of curing in furfuryl alcohol resins. Macromolecules, 1984, 17(5): 1087–1090 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00135a019
54
N Guigo, A Mija, L Vincent, N Sbirrazzuoli. Chemorheological analysis and model-free kinetics of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol polymerization. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2007, 9(39): 5359–5366 https://doi.org/10.1039/b707950h
55
K S W Sing, D H Everett, R A W Haul, L Moscou, R A Pierotti, J Rouquerol, T Siemieniewska. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (recommendations 1984). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1985, 57(4): 603–619 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603
56
S Jiang, H Zhang, Y Yan. Cu-MFI zeolite supported on paper-like sintered stainless fiber for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol in a batch reactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 190: 243–251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.001
57
Y Shao, H Chen, Y Li, X Ma. Fabrication of novel porous carbon membrane/sintered metal fibers composite for isopropanol adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 276(Suppl C): 51–58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.080
58
L Cheng, W J Tseng. Effect of acid treatment on structure and morphology of carbons prepared from pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol. Journal of Polymer Research, 2010, 17(3): 391–399 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-009-9325-4
59
A Nieto-Márquez, R Romero, A Romero, J L Valverde. Carbon nanospheres: Synthesis, physicochemical properties and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(6): 1664–1672 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01350A
60
F Tuinstra, J L Koenig. Raman spectrum of graphite. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1970, 53(3): 1126–1130 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1674108
61
C Thamaraiselvan, S Lerman, K Weinfeld-Cohen, C G Dosoretz. Characterization of a support-free carbon nanotube-microporous membrane for water and wastewater filtration. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 202: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.038
62
D K Kim, N D Kim, S Park, K Seong, M Hwang, N You, Y Piao. Nitrogen doped carbon derived from polyimide/multiwall carbon nanotube composites for high performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 380: 55–63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.069
63
H Yang, D R Cahela, B J Tatarchuk. A study of kinetic effects due to using microfibrous entrapped zinc oxide sorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal. Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, 63(10): 2707–2716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.02.025
