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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

邮发代号 80-969

2019 Impact Factor: 3.552

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering  2021, Vol. 15 Issue (1): 4-17   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-1933-x
  本期目录
A review on catalytic & non-catalytic bio-oil upgrading in supercritical fluids
Sainab Omar, Yang Yang, Jiawei Wang()
Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Abstract：

This review article summarizes the key published research on the topic of bio-oil upgrading using catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions. The precious metal catalysts Pd, Ru and Pt on various supports are frequently chosen for catalytic bio-oil upgrading in SCFs. This is reportedly due to their favourable catalytic activity during the process including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and esterification, which leads to improvements in liquid yield, heating value, and pH of the upgraded bio-oil. Due to the costs associated with precious metal catalysts, some researchers have opted for non-precious metal catalysts such as acidic HZSM-5 which can promote esterification in supercritical ethanol. On the other hand, SCFs have been effectively used to upgrade crude bio-oil without a catalyst. Supercritical methanol, ethanol, and water are most commonly used and demonstrate catalyst like activities such as facilitating esterification reactions and reducing solid yield by alcoholysis and hydrolysis, respectively.
Key words： bio-oil    upgrading    supercritical    review
收稿日期: 2020-01-03      出版日期: 2021-01-12
Corresponding Author(s): Jiawei Wang   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(1): 4-17.
Sainab Omar, Yang Yang, Jiawei Wang. A review on catalytic & non-catalytic bio-oil upgrading in supercritical fluids. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 4-17.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/10.1007/s11705-020-1933-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/Y2021/V15/I1/4
Items Wood-derived crude bio-oil Heavy petroleum fuel oil
Moisture content /wt-% 0.1 25
pH – 2.5
Specific gravity 0.94 1.2
C/wt-% 85 56
H/wt-% 11 6
O/wt-% 1 38
N/wt-% 0.3 0–0.1
Higher heating value/(MJ·kg−1) 40 17
Viscosity/(mPa·s) 40–100 180
Solids/wt-% 1 0.1
Tab.1  
Physical Property Liquid b) SCF Gas b)
Density/(kg·m−3) 600–1600 200–500 0.6–2
Dynamic viscosity/(mPa·s) 0.2–3 0.01–0.03 0.01–0.3
Diffusion coefficient/(×106 m2·s−1) 0.0002–0.002 0.07 10–40
Tab.2  
Category Advantage SCF type
Environment Do not contribute to smog
Do not damage ozone layer
No acute ecotoxicity
No liquid wastes		 Most
Most
CO2, H2O
CO2 and other volatile SCFs
Health and safety Noncarcinogenic
Nontoxic
Non-flammable		 Most (but not C6H6)
Most (but not HCI, HBr, HI, NH3)
CO2, N2O, H2O, Xe, Kr, CHF3
Process No solvent residues
Facile separation of products
High diffusion rates
Low viscosity
Adjustable solvent power
Adjustable density
Inexpensive		 CO2 and other volatile SCFs
CO2 and other volatile SCFs
All
All
All
All
CO2, H2O, NH3, Ar, hydrocarbons
Chemical High miscibility with gases
Variable dielectric constant
High compressibility
High diffusion rates		 All
The polar SCFs
All
All
Tab.3  
Fig.1  
Feed Solvent Performance of SCF Catalyst T/°C P/MPa t/min Initial H2/MPa Ref.
Flash pyrolysis of pulverized corn stalk CO2 Higher conversions compared to esterification at atmosphere pressure p-Toluene sulfonic acid 80 28 180 – [48]
Heavy residues of fast pyrolysis of rice husk (HBF) Methanol Promotes alcoholysis Pt, PtNi, PdNi on Al2(SiO3)3, SiO2, MgO 290 – 300 2 [27]
Light residues of fast pyrolysis of rice husk (LBF) Methanol Facilitates esterification Pt on Al2(SiO3)3, C and MgO 250 8.6–9.6 180–540 1.5 [42]
Bio-oil from pyrolysis of pine sawdust Methanol Hydrogenation and esterification reactions Co; Zn; Co-Zn on HZSM-5 300 – 300 3.4 [38]
Bio-oil from pine sawdust pyrolysis Methanol Functioned as hydrogen donor, promoted HDO Fe-Co/SiO2 or Co/HZSM-5 300 – 300 3.45 [37]
Bio-oil from pine sawdust pyrolysis Methanol Mainly hydrogenation and esterification reactions Fe-Ni/HZSM-5 300 – 300 3.4 [34]
Low boiling fraction of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of empty palm fruit bunch Methanol High esterification and alkylation ability – 400 22.5–46.7 30 1 MPa N2 [43]
Pyrolysis oil of Pinussylvestris L. Methanol, Ethanol Increased variety of esters when processing in ethanol Pd; Pt on HZSM-5; SO42–/ZrO2/SBA-15 260 7.5–11.5 180 2 [15]
Fast pyrolysis oil of rice husk Ethanol Decreased phenols and aldehydes during upgrading Aluminium silicate 260 7.8 180 – [29]
Fast pyrolysis oil of rice husk Ethanol Effectively removes heavy components in bio-oil HZSM-5 (Si/Al= 22) 100–238 260 180 – [30]
Flash pyrolysis oil of rice husk Ethanol Facilitates hydrotreatment when used with catalyst Pd/SO42–/ZrO2/SBA-15 280 8.5–10.5 180 0–2 [12]
Pyrolytic lignin from flash pyrolysis of rice husk Ethanol Promotes hydrocracking Ru/SO42−/ZrO2/SBA-15 or Ru/ZrO2/SBA-15 260 9.5 480 2 [18]
Fast pyrolysis oil of rice husk Ethanol Participation of ethanol in aldolization and etherification reactions Pt/
SO42−/ZrO2/SBA-15		 260–300 7–11.8 180 0.5, 2 [26]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk Ethanol Improved bio-oil physical properties and composition of organic compounds Pt/C; Pd/C; Ru/C; Ru/HZSM-5 300 – 300 2 [14]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis biomass Ethanol Decreased viscosity of heavy-oil Pd/C 250–350 – 30–60 3 [11]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis Ethanol Converts acid in bio-oil into ester Pt/C; Ru/C 250–350 – 30–60 3 [22]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk Ethanol Facilitates catalytic upgrading Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 280 – 300 1.5 [32]
Fast pyrolysis oil of sawdust Ethanol Crude bio-oil easily esterified with supercritical ethanol Zeolite 200–250 7 180 – [31]
Pyrolytic lignin from fast pyrolysis of rice husk Ethanol Enables high hydrocracking activity of supported metal SBA-15; Zr; RuZr; SZr; RuSZr 260 9.5 480 2 [19]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of yellow poplar wood Ethanol Deoxygenation and increased light oil yields Pd/C 250–370 – 40–120 3 [10]
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of empty palm fruit bunch Ethanol Hydrogen donation ability – 300–400 16.8–41.3 30–120 1 MPa N2 [39]
Bio-oil from hydrothermally liquefied dried cornstalk powder Ethanol Promotes esterification reactions Bimetallic ammonium nickel molybdate 280–370 – 60 4 [40]
Fast pyrolysis of rice husk Ethanol Enables esterification of bio-oil Ni/MgO 280 – 300 1.5 [36]
Pyrolysis oil from hardwood sawdust fast pyrolysis Ethanol Effective solvent-reduced the molecular weight of bio-oil Ru/C 300 – 180 10 [49]
Hardwood sawdust fast pyrolysis oil Ethanol Increases H/C ratio and reduces O/C ratio in bio-oil CoMo catalysts supported on various nanostructured materials; Ru/C 350 22.5 180 5 [21]
Fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust 1-Butanol Decreases oxygen content, increases heating value in upgraded bio-oil Ru/C 250–300 8.8–11.5 180 2 [47]
Bio-oil from HTL of cornstalks Cyclohexane Improved the yield and the quality of liquid hydro- carbons Ni/ZrO2 300 – 240 5 [35]
Crude algal bio-oil from liquefaction of microalga paste Water Higher heating value and lower acid number than the crude bio-oil Pt/C 400 – 240 3.4 [23]
Crude algal bio-oil from liquefaction of microalga paste Water Cracking of the longer chain alkanes Pd/C 400 – 60–480 3.4 [13]
Crude algal oil from liquefactionof Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Alga) powder Water Complete desulfurization of crude algal oil Pt/g-Al2O3 400 – 60 6 [25]
Duckweed biocrude from liquefaction of duckweed powder Water High upgraded oil yield Ru/C; Pt/C; Pd/C 350 18 240 6 [17]
Pre-treated algal biocrude from liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa algae powder Water Improved chemical properties Ru/C; Pt/C; Pd/C 400 – 240 6 [16]
Pre-treated crude bio-oil from liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalga Water Decreased the N content in the upgraded oil Two component catalyst mixtures 400 24 240 6 [24]
Pre-treated crude algal oil from liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Alga) powder Water Facilitates high oil yield Zeolites including
MCM-41 (100%Si)		 400 28 240 6 [33]
Bio-oil from pyrolysis of pine sawdust Water Improved physicochemical properties of the bio-oil Ni-Co supported on carbon nanofibers 380 23 – – [46]
Bio-oil from pyrolysis of pine sawdust Water Facilitated H2 production from bio-oil Ni-Co/Al-Mg 310–480 20–26 0–60 – [45]
Pre-treated crude duckweed bio-oil Water Increased alkanes & aromatics & decreased O- and N-compounds Activated carbon 400 – 60 6 [20]
Pyrolysis oil from biomass Water Reduced O content of heavy oils – 410 32 60 0.2 MPa N2 [44]
Biocrude from HTL of microalgae Water Enhanced removal of carbon via decarboxylation or steam reforming Pt/Al2O3;
HZSM-5		 400 22.5 240 4 [28]
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