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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

邮发代号 80-969

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering  2021, Vol. 15 Issue (4): 854-871   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-1980-3
  本期目录
A review of salting-out effect and sugaring-out effect: driving forces for novel liquid-liquid extraction of biofuels and biochemicals
Chuhan Fu1, Zhuoxi Li2(), Zengran Sun1, Shaoqu Xie1()
1. The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
2. School of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Abstract：

Biofuels and bio-based chemicals are getting more and more attention because of their sustainable and renewable properties and wide industrial applications. However, the low concentrations of the targeted products in their fermentation broths, the complicated components of the broths and the high energy-intensive separation and purification process hinder the competitiveness of biofuels and biochemicals with the petro-based ones. Hence, the production and the separation of biofuels and bio-based chemicals in energy-saving, low-cost and greenness ways become hot topics nowadays. This review introduces the separation technologies (salting-out extraction, salting-out, sugaring-out extraction, and sugaring-out) that extract biobutanol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, organic acids and other bio-based chemicals from fermentation broths/aqueous solutions. Salting-out/sugaring-out extraction and salting-out/sugaring-out technologies display the high separating efficiency and the high targeted product yields. In addition, they are easy to operate and require low cost for separating products. Hence, they are the effective and potential technologies for separating targeted products in the wide industrial applications. The successful research into the salting-out/sugaring-out and salting-out/sugaring-out extraction not only affords biofuels and biochemical but also opens a door for the development of novel separation methods.
Key words： salting-out, sugaring-out, extraction    biofuels, biochemicals, application
收稿日期: 2020-05-04      出版日期: 2021-06-04
Corresponding Author(s): Zhuoxi Li,Shaoqu Xie   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(4): 854-871.
Chuhan Fu, Zhuoxi Li, Zengran Sun, Shaoqu Xie. A review of salting-out effect and sugaring-out effect: driving forces for novel liquid-liquid extraction of biofuels and biochemicals. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 854-871.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/10.1007/s11705-020-1980-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/Y2021/V15/I4/854
Type Extractant/salting-out agent Target products Ref.
1 Polyethylene glycol (4000)/potassium phosphate Cphycocyanin [37]
2 Ethanol/dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4)
Acetone/K2HPO4		 Lactic acid
Acetoin		 [38]
[39]
3 Pentanol/sodium phosphate 1,3-Propanediol [40]
4 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/K2HPO4 Testosterone and epitestosterone [41]
Tab.1  
Fig.1  
SOE systems Type of fermentation broth Partition coefficient Recovery Removal Ref.
Cells Proteins
Cyclopentanol, n-pentaldehyde, tertiary pentanol, and ADOL85NF+ CaCl2, KCl, NaCl, CH3COOK, CH3COONa Simulated ABE fermentation broth – – – – [43]
41.7% Acetone+ 25% Na2CO3 Simulated ABE fermentation broth 55.71 98.38% – – [44]
39.6% Ethanol+ 25% Na2CO3 Simulated ABE fermentation broth 35.06 97.87% – – [44]
33% Acetone+ 30% Na2CO3 Unfiltered ABE fermentation broth 32.17 95.99% 99.92% 87.13% [44]
47.5% Ethanol+ 50% K2HPO4 Simulated ABE fermentation broth 25.03 96.87% – – [44]
40% Acetone+ 60% K2HPO4 Unfiltered ABE fermentation broth – ~100% 99.86% 91.21% [44]
17.51% Acetone+ 21.44% K2HPO4 ABE fermentation broth 63.13 98.10% 99.12% 95.71% [45]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol/cyclopentanol/2-methyl-2-butanol+ K4P2O7 Simulated isobutanol fermentation broth – ~100% – – [47]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol/cyclopentanol/2-methyl-2-butanol+ K2HPO4 Simulated isobutanol fermentation broth – ~100% – – [47]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol/cyclopentanol/2-methyl-2-butanol+ K3PO4 Simulated isobutanol fermentation broth – ~100% – – [47]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol/cyclopentanol/2-methyl-2-butanol+ K2CO3 Simulated isobutanol fermentation broth – ~100% – – [47]
Tab.2  
Target products SOE systems Partition coefficient Recovery Removal Ref.
Cells Proteins
1,3-Propanediol 46% Ethanol+ (NH4)2SO4 (saturated) 4.77 93.7% 99.7% 79.0% [25]
35% Methanol+ K2HPO4 (saturated) 38.3 98.1% 99.85% 92.4% [29]
Ethanol+ 37.5% K2HPO4 10.86 90.30% – – [52]
28% Ethanol+ 34% K3PO4 33 97% – – [53]
Pentanol+ 0.4 g?L–1 Na3PO4 3.72 72% – – [40]
Pentanol+ 0.4 g?L–1 Na2SO4 2.52 65.6% – – [40]
Ethanol+ Na2CO3 – 97.9% 99.1% 81.9% [54]
1) 30% Isopropanol+ 30% K2CO3
2) 28% Ethanol		 9.81 92.4% 100% 98.5% [55]
2,3-Butanediol 24% Ethanol+ 25% K2HPO4 28.34 98.13% 99.63% 85.9% [26]
21% Ethanol+ 17% K2HPO4 13.4 99% – 89% [60]
32% Ethanol+ 16% (NH4)2SO4 7.1 91.7 99.7% 91.2% [72]
2-sec-Butyl phenol+ 10 wt-% K2HPO4 3.04 – – – [58]
1-Butanol+ 10 wt-% K2HPO4 2.41 – – – [58]
1-Butanol+ 10 wt-% K2HPO4 2.26 – – – [36]
34% (w/w) 2-Propanol and 20% (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 9.9 93.7% 99% 85% [61]
Tetrahydrofurn+ K2CO3 – 92.2% – – [59]
Acetoin Ethyl acetate+ K2HPO4 (v/v= 2:1) 5.47 91.3% – – [64]
100 mL Ethyl acetate+ 20% ethanol+ 50% K2HPO4 18.5 95.3% – – [64]
40% 1-Propanol+ K4P2O7 (saturated) – ~100% – – [65]
6% EOAB+ 38% K3PO4 40.54 92.7% – – [66]
Lactic acid 30.23% Ethanol+ 18.40% K2HPO4 2.26 87% – – [38]
30% Ethanol+ 14% K2HPO4 3.23 90.6% 100% 85.9% [69]
26% Methanol+ 25% K2HPO4 4.01 86% 100% 85.9% [69]
28% Ethanol+ 30% K2CO3 1.27 73.8% 100% 98.5% [55]
Succinic acid 30% Acetone+ 20% (NH4)2SO4 8.64 90.05% 99.03% 90.82% [70]
Butyric acid 26.7% Ethanol+ 20% NaH2PO4 106.2 99.5% – – [71]
Tab.3  
System Target products Ref.
Acetonitrile+ H2O+ LiCl, + NaCl, + KCl
Acetone+ H2O+ NaCl
2-Propanol+ H2O+ NaCl		 Acetonitrile Acetone
2-Propanol		 [79]
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone+ Na2CO3 + H2O
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone+ K2CO3 + H2O
Acetonitrile+ Na2CO3 + H2O
Acetonitrile+ K2CO3 + H2O		 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Acetonitrile		 [80]
H2O+ ethanol+ acetone+ NaCl Ethanol+ acetone [81]
2,3-Butanediol+ H2O+ K2CO3 2,3-Butanediol [82]
NaCl+ H2O+ acetone, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1-propanol, or 2-propanol Acetone, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1-propanol, or 2-propanol [83]
Tab.4  
Fig.2  
Type of ABE fermentation broth Type of salts Water content of the organic phase Recovery/% Ref.
Acetone Butanol Ethanol
Concentrated a) K2CO3 6.83% 99 98.3 98 [84]
Concentrated a) K2HPO4 5.50% ~100 ~100 ~100 [91]
Concentrated a) K3PO4 7.11% ~100 ~100 ~100 [92]
Concentrated a) K4P2O7 5.21% ~100 ~100 ~100 [93]
Dilute model solution b) K2CO3 5.59% 70.2 93.7 60.8 [94]
Dilute model solution b) K2HPO4 10.38% 96.1 100 85.6 [94]
Dilute model solution b) K3PO4 7.19% 89.4 100 72.2 [95]
Dilute c) K3PO4 7.0% 72.9 100 42.1 [95]
Dilute model solution b) K4P2O7 7.76% 84.1 100 55.9 [96]
Tab.5  
Fig.3  
Target products Salts Partition coefficient Recovery/% Water content of the organic phase/% Ref.
1,3-Propanediol
150 g?L–1 50% K2CO3 22.6 – 20.5 [100]
150 g?L–1 50% K3PO4 65.1 – 28.3 [100]
150 g?L–1 55% K4P2O7 300.9 95.7 17.3 [100]
2,3-Butanediol
50 g?L–1 50% K2HPO4 – 67.8 30.6 [59]
50 g?L–1 50% K3PO4 – 54.5 18.2 [59]
50 g?L–1 50% K2CO3 – 44.9 16.6 [59]
50 g?L–1 50% KF – 36.0 23.8 [59]
100 g?L–1 50% K2CO3 236.6 94.9 15.72 [27]
100 g?L–1 50% K3PO4 723.6 97.5 22.5 [27]
100 g?L–1 50% K2HPO4 277.6 93.7 31.1 [27]
100 g?L–1 50% K4P2O7 1791.1 99.0 19.0 [27]
100 g?L–1 50.79% K2CO3 313 96.28 – [101]
99.8 g?L–1 a) 67.9% K2CO3 – 94.6 – [101]
Tab.6  
Target products Sugaring-out extraction systems Type of fermentation broth Partition coefficient Recovery References
Succinic acid 27% Glucose+ 40% t-butanol Synthetic fermentation broth 5.14 88.15% [33]
27% Glucose+ 40% t-butanol+ 9% (NH4)2SO4 Synthetic fermentation broth – 89.55% [33]
30% Glucose+ 45% [Bmim]BF4 Simulated fermentation broth 2.53 75.96% [110]
30% Glucose+ 45% [Bmim]BF4 Filtered fermentation broth – 73.71% [110]
30% Glucose+ 45% [Bmim]BF4 Unfiltered fermentation broth – 72.53% [110]
Lactic aicd 12% Glucose+ 40% isopropanol Simulated fermentation broth 1.39 84.27% [112]
2,3-butanediol 30% Glucose+ 1.8% (NH4)2HPO4 + 100% t-butanol Filtered fermentation broth – 75.6% [113]
Acetoin Glucose+ ethyl acetate (v/v= 1:2) Unfiltered fermentation broth – 61.2% [114]
Tab.7  
Target products Type of sugar Type of system Initial concentration of sugars Concentration of target products References
Butanol Sucrose Concentrated ABE system 650 g?kg–1 64.52% [34]
Glucose Concentrated ABE system 500 g?kg–1 62.62% [34]
Ethanol Sucrose Concentrated ABE system 650 g?kg–1 5.60% [34]
Glucose Concentrated ABE system 500 g?kg–1 5.61% [34]
Acetone Sucrose Concentrated ABE system 650 g?kg–1 15.57% [34]
Glucose Concentrated ABE system 500 g?kg–1 15.05% [34]
Acetonitrile Glucose Acetonitrile aqueous solution 50 g?L–1 95.4% [119]
Xylose Acetonitrile aqueous solution 50 g?L–1 90.9% [119]
Arabinose Acetonitrile aqueous solution 40 g?L–1 94.9% [119]
Fructose Acetonitrile aqueous solution 50 g?L–1 89.1% [119]
Sucrose Acetonitrile aqueous solution 50 g?L–1 90.4% [119]
Tab.8  
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