Nanofiltration for separation and purification of saccharides from biomass
Xianhui Li1, Sheng Tan2, Jianquan Luo2(), Manuel Pinelo1()
1. Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark 2. State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Saccharide production is critical to the development of biotechnology in the field of food and biofuel. The extraction of saccharide from biomass-based hydrolysate mixtures has become a trend due to low cost and abundant biomass reserves. Compared to conventional methods of fractionation and recovery of saccharides, nanofiltration (NF) has received considerable attention in recent decades because of its high selectivity and low energy consumption and environmental impact. In this review the advantages and challenges of NF based technology in the separation of saccharides are critically evaluated. Hybrid membrane processes, i.e., combining NF with ultrafiltration, can complement each other to provide an efficient approach for removal of unwanted solutes to obtain higher purity saccharides. However, use of NF membrane separation technology is limited due to irreversible membrane fouling that results in high capital and operating costs. Future development of NF membrane technology should therefore focus on improving material stability, antifouling ability and saccharide targeting selectivity, as well as on engineering aspects such as process optimisation and membrane module design.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(4): 837-853.
Xianhui Li, Sheng Tan, Jianquan Luo, Manuel Pinelo. Nanofiltration for separation and purification of saccharides from biomass. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 837-853.
Decoloration with activated carbon, ion-exchange resin columns for removing metal ions
[23]
Seaweed sample
Galactose
Hydrolysis, fermentation
Activated charcoal treatment and over-liming
[39]
Sugarcane bagasse
Glucose and XOS
Hydrolysis, fermentation
Methanol precipitation
[40]
Sugar beet pulp
Pectins
Hydrolysis and extraction
Acid, ethanol extractions, centrifugation
[41]
Cane molasses
OS, D-fructose
Enzymatic bioprocessing
Extraction
[42]
Tab.2
Saccharide type
Feedstock
NF membrane
Purification process
Product
Result
Ref.
OS
Crystallization mother liquors of saccharification
Four commercial RO modules
Dextrose recovery from crystallization mother liquors
Dextrose
High purity over 97%
[8]
Xylose and glucose model solution
Desal-5 DK, DL with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 150–300 Da, NF270 with MWCO of 150–200 Da
Separation of pentose from hexose
Xylose
High separation efficiency of xylose from glucose by NF
[43]
Two kinds of hemicellulose hydrolysate feeds
Desal-5 DK, DL, NF270
Xylose recovery from different, hemicellulose hydrolysate feeds
Xylose
78%–82% xylose and the modified hydrolysate 86%–88% xylose in the NF permeate
[44]
Rice straw hydrolyzates
Desal-5 DK
Separation of acetic acid from xylose
Xylose
Maximum separation factor of 49 and 52 for acetic acid over xylose and arabinose, respectively
[18]
Model hydrolysate solution
Six commercial flat-sheet membranes wirh MWCO of 150–600 Da
Separation of monophenol from monosaccharides and acids
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol
Separation factor of 30 for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol over glucose
[45]
Model solution
Four commercial NF membranes with MWCO of 150–1000 Da
Separation of phenolic acids from monosaccharides
Phenolic acid
Retention of phenolic acids reaching 90%–94% for NF270 and 86%–88% for NTR7450; retention of monosaccharides maintains a constant of ? 10% for NP030, NTR7450, and NP010 membranes
[46]
Oligosaccharide
OS mixture
Desal-5 DL
Purification of OS from impure monosaccharides
OS
89% yield of lactose, 98% yield of OS
[21]
Commercial OS powder from chicory rootstock
G5, G10, G20 and G50 with MWCO of 300–1000 Da
UF for removal of large impurities and NF for separation of monosaccharides
Highly purified OS
[47]
Commercial saccharides
Desal-5 DL
Removal of di- and monosaccharides
OS
–
[48]
Artichoke solid waste
NF-NP010 with MWCO of 1000 Da, NP030 with MWCO of 400 Da, NF270
Clarification and concentration
OS
100% of prebiotic sugars recovered by microfiltration 100% of retention of prebiotic sugar by NF
[49]
A commercial mixture of FOS
NP010, NP030, NF270
Two-stage NF constant volume diafiltration followed by concentration
FOS
Purity over 90% in FOS with a yield of 80%
[29]
Polysaccharides
Fungal mycelium, fruiting bodies, and residual culture media
NF membrane with MWCO of 150–300 Da
Extraction of soluble polysaccharides
Polysaccharide
Recovery of polysaccharide can be above 82%
[50]
Winery effluent
NF270, ETNA01PP with MWCO of 300–500 Da
UF for removal of large impurities and NF for recovery of polysaccharides
Glucose
Rejection of glucose can be reached to 99%
[51]
Tab.3
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Stock solution
Major challenge
Fouling control strategy
Ref.
Sugarcane juice
Formaldehyde, organic acids, chloride, and antifoaming agents
Alkaline cleaning at pH= 10–11
[45]
Cane molasses
Pigments and other molecules interfere with crystallization
Disk stack centrifugation removes fine suspended solids and colloidal material
62% of LA and 91% of 5-HMF were removed by NF and then separated by ED
[27]
Tab.5
Fig.4
Fig.5
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