Hierarchically porous zeolites synthesized with carbon materials as templates
Huan Wang, Guo Du, Jiaqing Jia, Shaohua Chen, Zhipeng Su, Rui Chen, Tiehong Chen()
Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
Hierarchically porous zeolites are promising candidates in catalytic conversion of relatively bulky molecules, and their syntheses have attracted significant attention. From both industrial and scientific perspectives, different carbon materials have been widely employed as hard templates for the preparation of hierarchically porous zeolites during the past two decades. In this review, the progress in synthetic strategies using carbon materials as templates is comprehensively summarized. Depending on the affinity between the carbon templates and zeolite precursors, the substantial strategies for synthesizing hierarchical zeolites are introduced in direct templates and indirect templates. Direct templates methods, by which the carbon materials are directly mixed with precursors gel as hard templates, are first reviewed. Then, we discuss the indirect templates method (crystallization of carbon-silica composites), by which the carbon is produced by in situ pyrolysis of organic-inorganic precursors. In addition, the technique of encapsulating metal species into zeolites crystals with the assistance of carbon templates is also discussed. In the conclusion part, the factors affecting the synthesis of carbon-templated hierarchically porous zeolites are remarked. This review is expected to attract interest in the synthesis strategies of hierarchically porous zeolites, especially cost-effective and large-scale production methodologies, which are essential to the industrial application of hierarchical zeolites.
Marco-meso-micropores; intracrystal, ordered and interconnected
[69]
Silicalite-1
3DOm
9 TPA2O:0.15 Na2O:50 SiO2:390 H2O:180 ethanol
DGC (180, 2)
0.69–0.99
6
–
Meso-micropores; intracrystal, ordered and interconnected
[70]
Silicalite-1
CMK-L
(0–2) Al(OC3H7)3:25 TPAOH:100 TEOS
DGC (170, 6)
0.17
8.7
–
Meso-micropores; intracrystal, ordered and interconnected
[29]
Tab.1
Fig.4
Composites
Carbon source
Structure-directing agent
Crystallization approach (temperature/°C, time/d)
Product
Vmacro/meso/(cm3·g−1)
Pore size/nm
Model reaction
Porous characteristics
Ref.
Al-SBA-15/CMK-3
Furfuryl alcohol
Ethylenediamine and triethylamine
DGC (175, 3)
Mesoporous materials with MFI zeolitic characteristics
–
9.0
Cracking of cumene
Meso-micropores; ordered
[73]
SBA-15/CMK-3
Furfuryl alcohol
TPAOH
SPT (130, 2)
Silicalite-1/SBA-15 composite
0.26
6
–
Meso-micropores; ordered
[75]
SBA-15/CMK-3
P123
TPABr
HTS (180, 2)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.26/0.32
20–40
Methanol to propylene
Meso-micropores; ordered and interconnected
[76]
SiO2-TiO2/C
Tween-40
TPAOH
HTS (180, 1)
Mesoporous TS-1
0.29
2–95
Oxidative desulfurization
Macro-meso-micropores; intracrystal and interconnected
[77]
P127 templated SiO2/C composite
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
TPAOH
DGC (130, 3)
Mesoporous materials with silicalite-1 nanocrystal
0.43
7
–
Meso-micropores; ordered
[78]
P127 templated SiO2/C composite
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
TPAOH
DGC (130, 3)
Mesoporous materials with ZSM-5 nanocrystal
0.32
9
–
Meso-micropores; ordered
[78]
P123 templated SiO2/C composite
Furfuryl alcohol
TPAOH
DGC (140, 0.5)
ZSM-5 zeolites composed of linked microcrystalline units
0.35
6–8
Benzylation reaction between naphthalene and benzyl chloride
Meso-micropores
[81]
C deposited SiO2
Sucrose
TBAOH
HTS (180, 3)
Mesoporous ZSM-11
0.04
–
–
Intracrystal and disordered
[82]
C deposited SiO2-TiO2
Sucrose
TPABr
HTS (170, 7)
Mesoporous TS-1
0.10–0.42
5–90
Oxidative desulfurization
Macro-meso-micropores; Intracrystal, disordered and interconnected
[83]
C coated SiO2
Sucrose
TPAOH
HTS (160, 1)
Mesoporous silicalite-1
0.197
9.4
–
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[84]
C coated SiO2
Sucrose
TPAOH
HTS (160, 1)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.263
7.7
Adsorption of methylene blue, acetalization of cyclohexanone
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[84]
C coated SiO2
Dopamine
TPAOH
DGC (180, 0.42)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
–
4–10
Cracking of isopropyl benzene
Meso-micropores; intracrystal, disordered and interconnected
[85]
C coated SiO2
Dopamine
TPAOH
DGC (180, 0.5)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.13–0.34
18
Self-etherification of benzyl alcohol
Meso-micropores; intracrystal, disordered and interconnected
[86]
C deposited SiO2
CH4 flow
TBAOH
DGC (175, 1)
Mesoporous ZSM-11
0.28
6–30
–
Meso-micropores; intracrystal and disordered
[87]
C deposited SiO2
CH4 flow
TEAOH
DGC (140, 6)
Mesoporous Beta
0.26
7–30
–
Meso-micropores; intracrystal and disordered
[87]
C deposited SiO2
CH4 flow
Seed
DGC (100, 0.75)
Mesoporous Y
0.02
10–40
–
Meso-micropores; intracrystal and disordered
[87]
C deposited SiO2
CH4 flow
TPAOH
DGC (180, 3)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.28–0.48
10–40
Cracking and isomerization of n-octane
Meso-micropores; intracrystal and disordered
[88]
C deposited SiO2
Carbonaceous gas (CxHy)
TPAOH
HTS (180, 3)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.51–0.85
11
–
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[89]
SiO2/C monolith
Glucose and resorcinol
TPAOH
HTS (160, 4)
Mesoporous silicalite-1
0.27
30
–
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[91]
SiO2-Al2O3/C monolith
Glucose and resorcinol
TPAOH
HTS (160, 4)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
0.29
30
Condensation of benzaldehyde with n-butyl alcohol; alkylation of toluene with benzyl chloride; alkylation of toluene with benzyl chloride
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[91]
SiO2-TiO2/C monolith
Glucose and resorcinol
TPAOH
HTS (160, 4)
Mesoporous TS-1
0.26
30
Hydroxylation of phenol
Meso-micropores; intercrystal and disordered
[91]
SiO2-Al2O3/C monolith
Glucose and resorcinol
TEAOH
DGC (150, 5)
Mesoporous Beta
0.27
30
Dehydration of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Meso-micropores; intracrystal and disordered
[92]
SBA-15/CMK-3
Phenol resin
TPAOH
DGC (170, 1)
Mesoporous ZSM-5
–
10–15
Cracking of triisopropylbenzene
Meso-micropores; disordered
[94]
Tab.2
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