Many research works have demonstrated that the combination of atomically precise cluster deposition and theoretical calculations is able to address fundamental aspects of size-effects, cluster-support interactions, and reaction mechanisms of cluster materials. Although the wet chemistry method has been widely used to synthesize nanoparticles, the gas-phase synthesis and size-selected strategy was the only method to prepare supported metal clusters with precise numbers of atoms for a long time. However, the low throughput of the physical synthesis method has severely constrained its wider adoption for catalysis applications. In this review, we introduce the latest progress on three types of cluster source which have the most promising potential for scale-up, including sputtering gas aggregation source, pulsed microplasma cluster source, and matrix assembly cluster source. While the sputtering gas aggregation source is leading ahead with a production rate of ~20 mg·h–1, the pulsed microplasma source has the smallest physical dimensions which makes it possible to compact multiple such devices into a small volume for multiplied production rate. The matrix assembly source has the shortest development history, but already show an impressive deposition rate of ~10 mg·h–1. At the end of the review, the possible routes for further throughput scale-up are envisaged.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(6): 1360-1379.
Giuseppe Sanzone, Jinlong Yin, Hailin Sun. Scaling up of cluster beam deposition technology for catalysis application. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(6): 1360-1379.
Any material that attains 1 mbar vapor pressure at 2000 K
~103 atoms
UHV
0
SGAS
~100 (~1)
Virtually any solid (using RF or HiPIMS for insulators)
1–60 nm
HV
Up to 50%
LAS
~0.1
Virtually any solid
~100–102 atoms
UHV
≈10%
PACIS
~1
Virtually any solid
1–10 nm
HV
≈10%
PMCS
1–30
Conductive solids
~101–104 atoms
UHV
≈10%
MACS
10 mg·h–1
Any metal can be vaporised
~100–103 atoms
HV
0
Tab.1
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
Fig.17
Fig.18
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