A review on co-pyrolysis of agriculture biomass and disposable medical face mask waste for green fuel production: recent advances and thermo-kinetic models

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2230-7

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (9): 1141-1161 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2230-7

本期目录

A review on co-pyrolysis of agriculture biomass and disposable medical face mask waste for green fuel production: recent advances and thermo-kinetic models

Melvin X. J. Wee¹, Bridgid L. F. Chin^1,²(

), Agus Saptoro¹, Chung L. Yiin^3,⁴, Jiuan J. Chew⁵, Jaka Sunarso⁵, Suzana Yusup⁶, Abhishek Sharma^7,⁸

¹. Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Malaysia
². Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Malaysia
³. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
⁴. Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
⁵. Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching 93350, Malaysia
⁶. Generation Unit (Fuel Technology & Combustion), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Research Sdn Bhd, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
⁷. Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India
⁸. Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia

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Abstract：

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is blessed with agricultural resources, and with the growing population, it will continue to prosper, which follows the abundance of agricultural biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass attracted researchers’ interest in extracting bio-oil from these wastes. However, the resulting bio-oil has low heating values and undesirable physical properties. Hence, co-pyrolysis with plastic or polymer wastes is adopted to improve the yield and quality of the bio-oil. Furthermore, with the spread of the novel coronavirus, the surge of single-use plastic waste such as disposable medical face mask, can potentially set back the previous plastic waste reduction measures. Therefore, studies of existing technologies and techniques are referred in exploring the potential of disposable medical face mask waste as a candidate for co-pyrolysis with biomass. Process parameters, utilisation of catalysts and technologies are key factors in improving and optimising the process to achieve commercial standard of liquid fuel. Catalytic co-pyrolysis involves a series of complex mechanisms, which cannot be explained using simple iso-conversional models. Hence, advanced conversional models are introduced, followed by the evolutionary models and predictive models, which can solve the non-linear catalytic co-pyrolysis reaction kinetics. The outlook and challenges for the topic are discussed in detail.

Key words： biomass COVID-19 waste catalyst pyrolysis kinetics

收稿日期: 2022-04-16 出版日期: 2023-08-29

Corresponding Author(s): Bridgid L. F. Chin

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2023, 17(9): 1141-1161.
Melvin X. J. Wee, Bridgid L. F. Chin, Agus Saptoro, Chung L. Yiin, Jiuan J. Chew, Jaka Sunarso, Suzana Yusup, Abhishek Sharma. A review on co-pyrolysis of agriculture biomass and disposable medical face mask waste for green fuel production: recent advances and thermo-kinetic models. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 1141-1161.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/10.1007/s11705-022-2230-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/CN/Y2023/V17/I9/1141

Country	Policies/strategies	Ref.
Cambodia	Energy Sector Development Policy and Rural Electrification Policy, 2007	[4]
	Rural electrification fund subsidy and investment incentives are provided as support to the policy
	? Providing reliable, affordable quality supply of electricity to the consumers
	? Promoting private-owned facilities in the renewable energy sector to instigate competition between the companies
	? Providing electricity to 70% of the rural households by the year 2030
India	The Electricity Act, 2003	[5]
	? To encourage the co-generation of electricity with renewable sources
	? Specify the terms and conditions for the determination of tariff, which forms the National Electricity Policy and the Tariff policy
	Tariff Policy, 2006
	? States that renewable energy shall be distributed with a preferential tariff determined by the appropriate commission
	? Bidding process within suppliers offering renewable energy from the same source
	National Rural Electrification Policies, 2006
	? Provision of access of electricity to all households by the year 2009
	? Quality and reliable power supply at affordable rates
	? Providing off grid solutions for rural areas
	Integrated Energy Policy Report (Planning Commission), 2006
	Recommends a solution to meet the energy demand of India in an integrated process up to 2031–2032
Indonesia	Government Rule No. 3 on Supply of Electricity, 2005	[6]
	To ease the private-own power producers to set up renewable energy plants
	Blueprint of National Energy Implementation Program 2005–2025
	? To outline plans for energy supply security
	? To provide guidelines for various sectors involving renewable and non-renewable energies
	? To provide subsidies to enhance energy efficiency
	Presidential Regulation No. 5 on National Energy Policy, 2006
	? To set goals to promote diversification of energy sources
	? To reduce energy consumption by 1% per year as target
	Presidential Decree No. 1 on Supply and Use of Biofuels, 2006
	Setting targets and guidelines for biofuels utilisation and development
	Ministerial Regulation No. 2 on Medium Scale Power Generation from Renewable Energy Sources, 2006
	To set pricing guidelines for projects ranging from 1 to 10 MW
	Energy Law, 2007
	Providing renewable energy developers with investment incentives
	Electricity Law, 2010
	To encourage private companies to participate in energy supply
	To provide priority in the utilisation of renewable energy
	To promote small scaled distributed power generation from renewable sources
	Ministerial Regulation No. 4/2012, 2012
	To set the Feed-in-Tariff for electricity generated from biomass
	Ministerial Regulation No. 27/2014, 2014
	? To set goals to increase the renewable energy portion to 23% by the year 2025, and 31% by 2050
	? Feed-in-tariffs for renewable energy
	? To encourage the government and private sectors to utilise biofuels for power generation
Malaysia	Five-Fuel Diversification Policy, 2001	[7]
	To include renewable energy in the energy supply mix of power generation
	National Biofuel Policy, 2006
	? To reduce dependency on fossil fuels
	? Providing subsidies to promote the demand for alternate sources of energy
	National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan, 2010
	? Increase the renewable energy contribution in the energy supply mix
	? Promote growth of the renewable energy sector
	? Maintaining the renewable energy at an affordable price
	? Instigate awareness to the community on renewable energy
Thailand	Committee on Biofuel Development and Promotion (CBDP), 2008	[8]
	Government subsidies from the State Oil Fund biodiesel price reduction
	Second Alternative Energy Development Plan (2008–2022), 2008
	? To increase the proportion of alternative energy to 20% of the national total energy consumption by 2022
	? To utilise renewable energy as a substitute for imported oil
	? To increase energy security of Thailand
	? Promote integrated green energy utilisation in communities
	? Enhance the development of alternative energy industry
	? Research and development of efficient technology to harvest renewable energy
Vietnam	Renewable Energy Action Plan, 2001	[9]
	Government intervention to promote renewable energy
	The Law of Electric, 2004
	Support electricity generation from renewable sources by providing investment incentives, preferential electricity prices and taxes
	Decision 1855/QD-TTg: 27 Dec 2007
	? National Energy Development Strategy up to 2020 with outlook to 2050
	? To encourage the development of new and renewable energies, bioenergy to meet the socioeconomic requirements
	? To meet the target of 5% of primary commercial energy by 2020 and 11% by 2050
	Decision No. 177/QD-TTg:20 Nov 2007
	? To develop biofuel, as an alternative for fossil fuels
	? To build a legal framework for biofuel development
	? To develop materials for biofuel production
	? To enhance biofuel extraction
	National Program for Biofuels Development, 2011
	? Develop biofuel to partly replace fossil fuels
	? Create the legal framework for biofuel development
	? Develop relevant materials for biofuel production
	? Develop biofuel extraction technologies
Myanmar	Myanmar Energy Master Plan, 2015	[10]
	? To study the energy demand development from 2014 to 2035
	? To set a goal to achieve 15%–20% share of renewable energy in 2020
	? To improve the rural renewable energy usage
	? To achieve 57% hydropower, 5% solar and wind by 2030
Laos	The Electric Law, 1997	[11]
	Setting standards for the administration, production, distribution, transmission and the import and export of electricity
	The Power Sector Policy Statement, 2001
	? To increase the electricity supply rate to 90% by 2020
	? Promotes the public and private partnerships in hydropower development (500 kV grid)
	The 8^th National Socio-economic Development Plan (NSEDP), 2016–2020
	Promotes sustainability and diversification of renewable energy sources
	The Renewable Energy Development Strategy
	To increase the renewable energy share to 30% and substitute 10% of the transport fuel with biofuels by 2025
Philippines	R. A. No. 9367: The Biofuels Act, 2006	[12]
	Encourage the utilisation of biofuel-blended transport fuels by providing fiscal incentives
	R. A. No. 9513: The Renewable Energy Act, 2008
	? Enhance the renewable energy development by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives
	? To reduce the country’s reliance of fossil fuels
	? Adopts renewable portfolio standards, feed-in-tariffs, net-metering, and Green Energy Option policy instruments

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