1. Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China 2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 5A3, Canada
A multi-functional porous paper-based material was prepared from grass pulp by simple pore-forming and green cross-linking method. As a pore-forming agent, calcium citrate increased the porosity of the paper-based material from 30% to 69% while retaining the mechanical strength. The covalent cross-linking of citric acid between cellulose fibers improved both the wet strength and adsorption capacity. In addition, owing to the introduction of high-content carboxyl groups as well as the construction of hierarchical micro-nano structure, the underwater oil contact angle was up to 165°. The separation efficiency of the emulsified oil was 99.3%, and the water flux was up to 2020 L·m–2·h–1. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of cadmium ion, lead ion and methylene blue reached 136, 229 and 128.9 mg·g–1, respectively. The continuous purification of complex wastewater can be achieved by using paper-based materials combined with filtration technology. This work provides a simple, low cost and environmental approach for the treatment of complex wastewater containing insoluble oil, organic dyes, and heavy metal ions.
G Li, Z Mai, X Shu, D Chen, M Liu, W Xu. Superhydrophobic/superoleophilic cotton fabrics treated with hybrid coatings for oil/water separation. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2019, 2(2): 254–265 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-019-00092-w
5
A N Thai, R S Juang. Treatment of waters and wastewaters containing sulfur dyes: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 219: 109–117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.102
6
J Gu, P Xiao, P Chen, L Zhang, H Wang, L Dai, L Song, Y Huang, J Zhang, T Chen. Functionalization of biodegradable PLA nonwoven fabric as superoleophilic and superhydrophobic material for efficient oil absorption and oil/water separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(7): 5968–5973 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b13547
7
M Wu, G Shi, W Liu, Y Long, P Mu, J Li. A universal strategy for the preparation of dual superlyophobic surfaces in oil–water systems. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(12): 14759–14767 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02187
8
E N Zare, A Motahari, M Sillanpaa. Nanoadsorbents based on conducting polymer nanocomposites with main focus on polyaniline and its derivatives for removal of heavy metal ions/dyes: a review. Environmental Research, 2018, 162: 173–195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.025
9
D Huang, N Chen, W Dai, M Zheng, M Wang, Y Qian, P Xu. Preparation and adsorption properties of aminated magnetic carbon nanotubes. Journal of Forestry Engineering, 2022, 7: 100–106
10
A Abdel-Hakim, A H Abdella, M W Sabaa, H Y Gohar, R R Mohamed, F M Tera. Performance evaluation of modified fabricated cotton membrane for oil/water separation and heavy metal ions removal. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 2021, 27(4): 933–945 https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21866
11
Q Zhong, G Shi, Q Sun, P Mu, J Li. Robust PVA-GO-TiO2 composite membrane for efficient separation oil-in-water emulsions with stable high flux. Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 640: 119836 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119836
12
C Ao, R Hu, J Zhao, X Zhang, Q Li, T Xia, W Zhang, C Lu. Reusable, salt-tolerant and superhydrophilic cellulose hydrogel-coated mesh for efficient gravity-driven oil/water separation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 338: 271–277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.045
13
Z Wang, S Ji, J Zhang, Q Liu, H Fang, S Peng, Y Li. Tannic acid encountering ovalbumin: a green and mild strategy for superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic modification of various hydrophobic membranes for oil/water separation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(28): 13959–13967 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA03794A
14
J Chen, Y Zhou, C Zhou, X Wen, S Xu, J Cheng, P Pi. A durable underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic fabric for versatile oil/water separation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 370: 1218–1227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.220
15
H Cao, Y Liu. Facile design of a stable and inorganic underwater superoleophobic copper mesh modified by self-assembly sodium silicate and aluminum oxide for oil/water separation with high flux. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 598: 483–491 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.075
16
J Li, K Zuo, W Wu, Z Xu, Y Yi, Y Jing, H Dai, G Fang. Shape memory aerogels from nanocellulose and polyethyleneimine as a novel adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II). Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 196: 376–384 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.015
17
X Zhang, J Tian, P Wang, T Liu, M Ahmad, T Zhang, J Guo, H Xiao, J Song. Highly-efficient nitrogen self-doped biochar for versatile dyes’ removal prepared from soybean cake via a simple dual-templating approach and associated thermodynamics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 332: 130069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130069
18
J Ma, X Wang, Q Fu, Y Si, J Yu, B Ding. Highly carbonylated cellulose nanofibrous membranes utilizing maleic anhydride grafting for efficient lysozyme adsorption. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(28): 15658–15666 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04741
19
Q Liu, Y Li, H Chen, J Lu, G Yu, M Moslang, Y Zhou. Superior adsorption capacity of functionalised straw adsorbent for dyes and heavy-metal ions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 382: 121040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121040
20
Y Chen, L Chen, H Bai, L Li. Graphene oxide-chitosan composite hydrogels as broad-spectrum adsorbents for water purification. Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2013, 1(6): 1992–2001 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00406B
21
L Ma, X Dong, M Chen, L Zhu, C Wang, F Yang, Y Dong. Fabrication and water treatment application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based composite membranes: a review. Membranes, 2017, 7(1): 16 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes7010016
22
B Peng, Z Yao, X Wang, M Crombeen, D G Gsweeney, K C Tam. Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of petroleum industry. Green Energy & Environment, 2020, 5(1): 37–49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2019.09.003
23
C Hong. Recent progress in using hybrid silicon polymer composites for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 2020, 263: 128380
24
D Li, Q Li, D Mao, N Bai, H Dong. A versatile bio-based material for efficiently removing toxic dyes, heavy metal ions and emulsified oil droplets from water simultaneously. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 245: 649–655 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.016
25
P MalhotraA Jain. Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of water pollutants. Contamination of Water, 2021: 431–448
26
S Jiang, J Xi, H Dai, W Wu, H Xiao. Multifunctional cellulose paper-based materials and their application in complex wastewater treatment. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 207: 414–423 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.017
27
X Miao, J Lin, F Bian. Utilization of discarded crop straw to produce cellulose nanofibrils and their assemblies. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2020, 5(1): 26–36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.003
28
T Cai, H Li, R Yang, Y Wang, R Li, H Yang, A Li, R Cheng. Efficient flocculation of an anionic dye from aqueous solutions using a cellulose-based flocculant. Cellulose, 2015, 22(2): 1439–1449 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0571-9
29
H Jin, S Capareda, Z Chang, J Gao, Y Xu, J Zhang. Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As(V) removal: adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 169: 622–629 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.103
30
A Ayoub, R A Venditti, J J Pawlak, A Salam, M A Hubbe. Novel hemicellulose-chitosan biosorbent for water desalination and heavy metal removal. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2013, 1(9): 1102–1109 https://doi.org/10.1021/sc300166m
31
Y Chen, Y Wang, J Wan, Y Ma. Crystal and pore structure of wheat straw cellulose fiber during recycling. Cellulose, 2010, 17(2): 329–338 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9368-z
32
S Jiang, J Xi, W Deng, H Dai, G Fang, W Wu. Low-cost and high-wet-strength paper-based lignocellulosic adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions. Industrial Crops and Products, 2020, 158: 112926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112926
33
Z Wang, X Jiang, X Cheng, C H Lau, L Shao. Mussel-inspired hybrid coatings that transform membrane hydrophobicity into high hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity for oil-in-water emulsion separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(18): 9534–9545 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00894
34
F Hoeng, A Denneulin, C Neuman, J Bras. Charge density modification of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals for stable silver nanoparticles suspension preparation. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2015, 17(6): 1–14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3044-z
35
J Zhou, N Butchosa, H S N Jayawardena, J Park, Q Zhou, M Yan, O Ramstrom. Synthesis of multifunctional cellulose nanocrystals for lectin recognition and bacterial imaging. Biomacromolecules, 2015, 16(4): 1426–1432 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00227
36
B Wang, W Liang, Z Guo, W Liu. Biomimetic super-lyophobic and super-lyophilic materials applied for oil/water separation: a new strategy beyond nature. Chemical Society Reviews, 2015, 44(1): 336–361 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00220B
37
L Tang, T Li, S Zhuang, Q Lu, P Li, B Huang. Synthesis of pH-sensitive fluorescein grafted cellulose nanocrystals with an amino acid spacer. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2016, 4(9): 4842–4849 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01124
38
H Rajala. The effect of size and structure of filler particles on paper properties. Thesis for the Bachelor’s Degree. Tampere: Tampere University of Applied Science, 2012
39
S Jung, M K Tiwari, N V Doan, D Poulikakos. Mechanism of supercooled droplet freezing on surfaces. Nature Communications, 2012, 3(1): 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1630
40
X Chen, D Chen, N Li, Q Xu, H Li, J He, J Lu. Modified-MOF-808-loaded polyacrylonitrile membrane for highly efficient, simultaneous emulsion separation and heavy metal ion removal. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(35): 39227–39235 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c10290
41
D W Wei, H Wei, A C Gauthier, J Song, H Xiao. Superhydrophobic modification of cellulose and cotton textiles: methodologies and applications. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2020, 5(1): 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.001
42
M Qu, D He, Z Luo, R Wang, F Shi, Y Pang, W Sun, L Peng, J He. Facile preparation of a multifunctional superhydrophilic pvdf membrane for highly efficient organic dyes and heavy metal ions adsorption and oil/water emulsions separation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2022, 637: 128231 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128231
43
P Yu, X Wang, K Zhang, M Wu, Q Wu, J Liu, J Yang, J Zhang. Continuous purification of simulated wastewater based on rice straw composites for oil/water separation and removal of heavy metal ions. Cellulose, 2020, 27(9): 5223–5239 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03135-4
44
J Febrianto, A N Kosasih, J Sunarso, Y Ju, N Indraswati, S Ismadji. Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of heavy metals using biosorbent: a summary of recent studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 162(2-3): 616–645 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.042
G Vazquez, M Calvo, M Sonia Freire, J Gonzalez-Alvarez, G Antorrena. Chestnut shell as heavy metal adsorbent: optimization study of lead, copper and zinc cations removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 172(2-3): 1402–1414 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.006
47
L Wang, X Zhao, J Zhang, Z Xiong. Selective adsorption of Pb(II) over the zinc-based MOFs in aqueous solution-kinetics, isotherms, and the ion exchange mechanism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2017, 24(16): 14198–14206 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9002-9
48
Y Li, H Zhu, C Zhang, M Cheng, H He. Pei-grafted magnetic cellulose for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. Cellulose, 2018, 25(8): 4757–4769 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1868-2
