Insights into carbon-based materials for catalytic dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkanes and ethylbenzene
Sijia Xing1, Sixiang Zhai1, Lei Chen1, Huabin Yang1,2, Zhong-Yong Yuan1,2()
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China 2. Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
Direct dehydrogenation with high selectivity and oxidative dehydrogenation with low thermal limit has been regarded as promising methods to solve the increasing demands of light olefins and styrene. Metal-based catalysts have shown remarkable performance for these reactions, such as Pt, CrOx, Co, ZrOx, Zn and V. Compared with metal-based catalysts, carbon materials with stable structure, rich pore texture and large surface area, are ideal platforms as the catalysts and the supports for dehydrogenation reactions. In this review, carbon materials applied in direct dehydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation reactions including ordered mesoporous carbon, carbon nanodiamond, carbon nanotubes, graphene and activated carbon, are summarized. A general introduction to the dehydrogenation mechanism and active sites of carbon catalysts is briefly presented to provide a deep understanding of the carbon-based materials used in dehydrogenation reactions. The unique structure of each carbon material is presented, and the diversified synthesis methods of carbon catalysts are clarified. The approaches for promoting the catalytic activity of carbon catalysts are elaborated with respect to preparation method optimization, suitable structure design and heteroatom doping. The regeneration mechanism of carbon-based catalysts is discussed for providing guidance on catalytic performance enhancement. In addition, carbon materials as the support of metal-based catalysts contribute to exploiting the excellent catalytic performance of catalysts due to superior structural characteristics. In the end, the challenges in current research and strategies for future improvements are proposed.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2023, 17(11): 1623-1648.
Sijia Xing, Sixiang Zhai, Lei Chen, Huabin Yang, Zhong-Yong Yuan. Insights into carbon-based materials for catalytic dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkanes and ethylbenzene. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(11): 1623-1648.
1) High alkene selectivity2) Simple reaction process
1) Highly endothermic limitation2) Generate some side reactions
ODH
–
350–600
1) Low reaction temperature2) Little carbon deposition
1) Unsatisfied alkene selectivity2) Inevitable deep oxidation
Tab.1
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
Carbon material
Catalyst
Method
SBET /(m2·g–1)
Flow rate /(mL·min–1)
Feed composition
Reaction temperature /°C
Reactant/target product
Conversiona) /%
Steady-state rateb)/(mmol·g–1·h–1)
Selectivityc)/%
Catalyst lifed)/h
Ref.
OMC
OMC-1
DH
624
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
69.3–44.5
–
62.2–85.1
100
[68]
OMC-2
DH
610
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
65.7–39.3
–
70.6–88.6
100
[68]
MC-2-600
DH
604
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
35.7–28.1
–
85.6–89.4
10
[69]
HOMC
DH
675
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
20.1–10.3
–
66.1–78.5
50
[70]
COMC
DH
758
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
22.6–12.1
–
89.0–95.1
50
[70]
MC
DH
598
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
19.6–9.78
–
87.1–92.6
50
[71]
MCO
DH
310
40
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
32.9–21.2
–
66.3–86.6
50
[71]
CN-15-2.0
ODH
672
20
C3H8/O2/N2 = 1:1:8
450
Propane/propylene
22.98
–
41.7
\
[72]
SK
ODH
1205
50
C8H10/O2/He = 1:1:124
350
EB/ST
34.0–14.1
–
96.1–96.0
6
[73]
SK-N
ODH
1415
50
C8H10/O2/He = 1:1:124
350
EB/ST
38.7–19.2
–
96.3–96.6
6
[73]
PMC
DH
679
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
37.1
–
89.2
24
[75]
BMC
DH
690
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
33.9
–
87.2
24
[75]
NMC
DH
908
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
18.6
–
84.6
24
[75]
MC
DH
736
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:20
600
Propane/propylene
30.9
–
87.6
24
[75]
CNTs
CNT-R
ODH
184
10
C8H10/O2 = 1:5
400
EB/ST
45
–
86
12
[78]
MWCNT
DH
150
10
C2H6/Ar = 1:1
700
Ethane/ethylene
20–18
–
83–90
75
[60]
so-MWCNTs
DH
134
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
11.2–5.8
–
92.1–87.9
4
[60]
5B-oCNTs
ODH
262
15
C3H8/O2/N2 = 1:1:48
400
Propane/propylene
30
–
70
200
[84]
PZS@OCNT-800
ODH
306
15
C3H8/O2/He = 1:0.5:48
520
Propane/propylene
14.3
–
63
20
[89]
ND
ND/FLG
DH
134
30
C8H10/He = 1:35
600
EB/ST
–
19.23
95
–
[96]
HD-ND/G
DH
–
10
C8H10/He = 1:37
550
EB/ST
–
36.5–34.2
~97.5–97
60
[97]
FLG-GO@NDs
DH
304
30
C3H8/N2 = 1:35
550
EB/ST
35.1
–
98.6
50
[98]
ND-CNT-SDS/SiC
DH
–
10
C8H10/He = 1:36
550
EB/ST
–
6.25
99.5
20
[101]
ND-1100
DH
350
15
C3H8/N2 = 1:49
550
Propane/propylene
10.6
–
90
8
[55]
ND@NMC-700
DH
305
30
C8H10/Ar = 1:35
700
EB/ST
37.7
5.8
99.6
20
[106]
N,O-ND/CNT-d
DH
303
10
C8H10/Ar = 1:35
550
EB/ST
–
5.2
98.7
\
[107]
ND/CNT-SiC-ms-HN
DH
–
10
C8H10/Ar = 1:35
550
EB/ST
–
5.49
98.4
20
[108]
ND/CN-ms-o
DH
702
10
C8H10/Ar = 1:35
550
EB/ST
–
7.06
~100
20
[109]
F-ND
ODH
275
10
C8H10/O2/N2 = 1:3:
400
EB/ST
70.8–~50
–
~90
500
[110]
Graphene
rGO
DH
90
10
C2H6/Ar = 1:1
700
Ethane/ethylene
~13
90
75
[78]
RGO
DH
48
–
C2H6/Ar = 1:2
450
Ethane/ethylene
16.5
–
95%
450
[114]
AC
BDAC-700
DH
1078
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
54.2–29.7
–
85.8–91.4
50
[130]
MC-700
DH
849.2
20
C3H8/Ar = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
36–28
–
70–75
8
[131]
CMSC-3-700
DH
1400
20
C3H8/N2 = 1:19
600
Propane/propylene
24.7
–
93.5
10
[132]
CSAC
DH
1190
20
C4H10/N2 = 1:19
625
Isobutane/isobutene
71–34
–
~76
72
[57]
SCW-650
ODH
1438
30
C4H10/O2/N2 = 1:0.5:6
375
Isobutane/isobutene
~9
–
~93
5
[133]
HC-N-B
ODH
993
40
C3H8/CO2/Ar = 1:2:37
350
Propane/propylene
9–7.8
–
~93
5
[137]
Others
CNFs
ODH
61.5
10
C8H10/O2 = 1:5
400
EB/ST
30–25
–
80–75
168
[138]
B0.1CN
ODH
181
–
C2H6/O2/N2 = 1:0.5:23.5
450
Ethane/ethylene
8
–
55
7
[140]
ND/CNF-FLG
DH
209
30
C8H10/He = 1:35
600
EB/ST
54–53.5
–
87–85.9
20
[141]
CF/CNF
DH
259
30
C8H10/He = 1:35
550
EB/ST
21.9
–
97
25
[142]
PDA HNSs
ODH
641.6
12.23
C8H10/O2/He = 1:0.5:98.5
700
EB/ST
61.6
–
90
16
[143]
SiC@C
DH
410.3
10
C8H10/He = 1:35
550
EB/ST
–
11.58
96.86
15
[144]
C-2
ODH
1318
50
C8H10/O2/He = 1:1:124
300
EB/ST
29.1–18.4
–
91.5–91.2
6
[145]
Tab.2
Metal-based catalysts
Catalyst
Method
SBET/(m2·g–1)
Flow rate/(mL·min–1)
Feed composition
Reaction temperature/°C
Reactant/target product
Conversiona) /%
Selectivityb)/%
Catalyst lifec)/h
Ref.
Single metal-based
CoN@OCNT
DH
–
15
C3H8/He = 1:41
570
Propane/propylene
15–12.5
95
7.5
[158]
NS-ZIF-900
DH
335
15.5
C3H8/He = 1:41
550
Propane/propylene
34–15
80
13
[159]
V-g-C3N4
DH
48.6
15
C3H8/N2 = 1:4
600
Propane/propylene
25–5
68.6
3
[160]
Pt/CV
DH
240
18
C4H10/H2 = 1:1.25
530
Butane/butene
33–28
78–82
2
[161]
GrGNFp
ODH
981
30
C3H8/CO2 = 1:2
600
Propane/propylene
52
37.9
–
[162]
Polymetal-based
30CeVO4/AC
ODH
1026
30
C3H8/CO2/He = 1:1:1
550
Propane/propylene
15.3–10.1
42–49
4
[27]
Pt-Sn/S-C
ODH
–
–
C3H8/H2/Ar = 1:1:8
550
Propane/propylene
~40
~85
8
[165]
Tab.3
1
J Sheng, B Yan, W D Lu, B Qiu, X Q Gao, D Wang, A H Lu. Oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins on metal-free catalysts. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50(2): 1438–1468 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01174F
2
J J Sattler, J Ruiz-Martinez, E Santillan-Jimenez, B M Weckhuysen. Catalytic dehydrogenation of light alkanes on metals and metal oxides. Chemical Reviews, 2014, 114(20): 10613–10653 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5002436
3
J W Zhong, J F Han, Y X Wei, P Tian, X W Guo, C S Song, Z M Liu. Recent advances of the nano-hierarchical SAPO-34 in the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction and other applications. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(21): 4905–4923 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CY01466J
4
I Yarulina, Wispelaere K De, S Bailleul, J Goetze, M Radersma, E Abou-Hamad, I Vollmer, M Goesten, B Mezari, E J M Hensen, J S Martínez-Espín, M Morten, S Mitchell, J Perez-Ramirez, U Olsbye, B M Weckhuysen, Speybroeck V Van, F Kapteijn, J Gascon. Publisher correction: structure-performance descriptors and the role of Lewis acidity in the methanol-to-propylene process. Nature Chemistry, 2018, 10(8): 897 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0118-4
5
P Munnik, P E de Jongh, K P de Jong. Control and impact of the nanoscale distribution of supported cobalt particles used in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, 136(20): 7333–7340 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500436y
6
C J Weststrate, J van de Loosdrecht, J W Niemantsverdriet. Spectroscopic insights into cobalt-catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: a review of the carbon monoxide interaction with single crystalline surfaces of cobalt. Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 342: 1–16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.07.010
7
C Chen, Z P Hu, J T Ren, S Zhang, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. ZnO supported on high-silica HZSM-5 as efficient catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Molecular Catalysis, 2019, 476: 110508 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110508
8
C Chen, M L Sun, Z P Hu, J T Ren, S M Zhang, Z Y Yuan. New insight into the enhanced catalytic performance of ZnPt/HZSM-5 catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2019, 9(8): 1979–1988 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY00237E
9
Z P Hu, Y Wang, D Yang, Z Y Yuan. CrOx supported on high-silica HZSM-5 for propane dehydrogenation. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020, 47: 225–233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.12.010
10
Y S Wang, Z P Hu, W W Tian, L J Gao, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. Framework-confined Sn in Si-beta stabilizing ultra-small Pt nanoclusters as direct propane dehydrogenation catalysts with high selectivity and stability. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2019, 9(24): 6993–7002 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY01907C
11
Y Wang, Y Suo, X Lv, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. Enhanced performances of bimetallic Ga-Pt nanoclusters confined within silicalite-1 zeolite in propane dehydrogenation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 593: 304–314 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.129
12
Y Wang, Y Suo, J T Ren, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. Spatially isolated cobalt oxide sites derived from MOFs for direct propane dehydrogenation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 594: 113–121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.023
13
F Guo, P Yang, Z Pan, X N Cao, Z Xie, X Wang. Carbon-doped BN nanosheets for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(28): 8231–8235 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201703789
14
R Yao, J E Herrera, L H Chen, Y H C Chin. Generalized mechanistic framework for ethane dehydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation on molybdenum oxide catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2020, 10(12): 6952–6968 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c01073
15
L Ye, X Duan, K Xie. Electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene in a solid oxide electrolyzer. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021, 60(40): 21746–21750 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109355
16
V Bikbaeva, O Perez, N Nesterenko, V Valtchev. Ethane oxidative dehydrogenation with CO2 on thiogallates. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 2022, 9(20): 5181–5187 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2QI01630C
17
N J LiBretto, C Yang, Y Ren, G Zhang, J T Miller. Identification of surface structures in Pt3Cr intermetallic nanocatalysts. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(5): 1597–1609 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04774
18
Y Zhang, Y Zhou, L Huang, S Zhou, X Sheng, Q Wang, C Zhang. Structure and catalytic properties of the Zn-modified ZSM-5 supported platinum catalyst for propane dehydrogenation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 270: 352–361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.008
19
X Li, P Wang, H Wang, C Li. Effects of the state of Co species in Co/Al2O3 catalysts on the catalytic performance of propane dehydrogenation. Applied Surface Science, 2018, 441: 688–693 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.024
20
M W Schreiber, C P Plaisance, M Baumgartl, K Reuter, A Jentys, R Bermejo-Deval, J A Lercher. Lewis-bronsted acid pairs in Ga/H-ZSM-5 to catalyze dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(14): 4849–4859 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b12901
21
S L Han, T Otroshchenko, D Zhao, H Lund, N Rockstroh, T H Vuong, J Rabeah, U Rodemerck, D Linke, M L Gao, G Jiang, E V Kondratenko. The effect of ZrO2 crystallinity in CrZrOx/SiO2 on non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2020, 590: 117350 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2019.117350
22
N Jeon, J Oh, A Tayal, B Jeong, O Seo, S Kim, I Chung, Y Yun. Effects of heat-treatment atmosphere and temperature on cobalt species in Co/Al2O3 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation. Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 404: 1007–1016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.035
23
Y Yuan, R F Lobo, B Xu. Ga2O22+ stabilized by paired framework Al atoms in MFI: a highly reactive site in nonoxidative propane dehydrogenation. ACS Catalysis, 2022, 12(3): 1775–1783 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c05724
24
Z P Hu, G Qin, J Han, W Zhang, N Wang, Y Zheng, Q Jiang, T Ji, Z Y Yuan, J Xiao, Y Wei, Z Liu. Atomic insight into the local structure and microenvironment of isolated Co-motifs in MFI zeolite frameworks for propane dehydrogenation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(27): 12127–12137 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c02636
25
S Najari, S Saeidi, P Concepcion, D D Dionysiou, S K Bhargava, A F Lee, K Wilson. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane: catalytic and mechanistic aspects and future trends. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50(7): 4564–4605 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01518K
26
M A Atanga, F Rezaei, A Jawad, M Fitch, A A Rownaghi. Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with carbon dioxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 220: 429–445 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.052
27
P Djinović, J Zavašnik, J Teržan, I Jerman. Role of CO2 during oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over bulk and activated-carbon supported cerium and vanadium based catalysts. Catalysis Letters, 2021, 151(10): 2816–2832 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03519-y
28
Y Gambo, S Adamu, A A Abdulrasheed, R A Lucky, M S Ba-Shammakh, M M Hossain. Catalyst design and tuning for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane—a review. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2021, 609: 117914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2020.117914
29
D S Su, S Perathoner, G Centi. Nanocarbons for the development of advanced catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 2013, 113(8): 5782–5816 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300367d
C Hu, L Dai. Doping of carbon materials for metal-free electrocatalysis. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(7): 1804672 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804672
32
C Li, G Wang. Dehydrogenation of light alkanes to mono-olefins. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50(7): 4359–4381 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00983K
33
R Watanabe, M Tsujioka, C Fukuhara. Performance of non-stoichiometric perovskite catalyst (AxCrO3-δ, A: La, Pr, Nd) for dehydrogenation of propane under steam condition. Catalysis Letters, 2016, 146(12): 2458–2467 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-016-1876-5
34
Y Dai, X Gao, Q Wang, X Wan, C Zhou, Y Yang. Recent progress in heterogeneous metal and metal oxide catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of ethane and propane. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021, 50(9): 5590–5630 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01260B
35
O O James, S Mandal, N Alele, B Chowdhury, S Maity. Lower alkanes dehydrogenation: strategies and reaction routes to corresponding alkenes. Fuel Processing Technology, 2016, 149: 239–255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.016
36
D Iranshahi, P Salimi, Z Pourmand, S Saeidi, J J Klemeš. Utilising a radial flow, spherical packed-bed reactor for auto thermal steam reforming of methane to achieve a high capacity of H2 production. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2017, 120: 258–267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.07.020
37
T T Nguyen, M Aouine, J M M Millet. Optimizing the efficiency of MoVTeNbO catalysts for ethane oxidative dehydrogenation to ethylene. Catalysis Communications, 2012, 21: 22–26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.01.026
38
S T Rahman, J R Choi, J H Lee, S J Park. The role of CO2 as a mild oxidant in oxidation and dehydrogenation over catalysts: a review. Catalysts, 2020, 10(9): 1075 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10091075
39
D Chen, A Holmen, Z Sui, X Zhou. Carbon mediated catalysis: a review on oxidative dehydrogenation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2014, 35(6): 824–841 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60120-0
40
W Qi, D Su. Metal-free carbon catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. ACS Catalysis, 2014, 4(9): 3212–3218 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs500723v
41
Z Zhao, G Ge, W Li, X Guo, G Wang. Modulating the microstructure and surface chemistry of carbocatalysts for oxidative and direct dehydrogenation: a review. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(5): 644–670 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61065-8
42
X Sun, P Han, B Li, S Mao, T Liu, S Ali, Z Lian, D Su. Oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of short alkanes on nanostructured carbon catalysts: a computational account. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 2018, 54(8): 864–875 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC06941C
43
T J Zhao, W Z Sun, X Y Gu, M Rønning, D Chen, Y C Dai, W K Yuan, A Holmen. Rational design of the carbon nanofiber catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2007, 323: 135–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.02.008
44
J Zhang, X Liu, R Blume, A Zhang, R Schlögl, D S Su. Surface-modified carbon nanotubes catalyze oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane. Science, 2008, 322(5898): 73–77 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161916
45
J J Delgado, X W Chen, B Frank, D S Su, R Schlögl. Activation processes of highly ordered carbon nanofibers in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Catalysis Today, 2012, 186(1): 93–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.10.023
46
P Niebrzydowska, R Janus, P Kuśtrowski, S Jarczewski, A Wach, A M Silvestre-Albero, F Rodríguez-Reinoso. A simplified route to the synthesis of CMK-3 replica based on precipitation polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol in SBA-15 pore system. Carbon, 2013, 64: 252–261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.060
47
Z P Hu, D D Yang, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. State-of-the-art catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2019, 40(9): 1233–1254 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63360-7
48
R Huang, H Y Liu, B S Zhang, X Y Sun, C H Liang, D S Su, B N Zong, J F Rong. Phosphate-modified carbon nanotubes in the oxidative dehydrogenation of isopentanes. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7(12): 3476–3482 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402457
49
R Rao, M Yang, Q Ling, C Li, Q Zhang, H Yang, A Zhang. A novel route of enhancing oxidative catalytic activity: hydroxylation of MWCNTs induced by sectional defects. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2014, 4(3): 665–671 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CY00582H
50
I Pelech, O S G P Soares, M F R Pereira, J L Figueiredo. Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane on carbon xerogel catalysts. Catalysis Today, 2015, 249: 176–183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.007
51
W Qi, W Liu, B Zhang, X Gu, X Guo, D Su. Oxidative dehydrierung an nanokohlenstoff: identifizierung und quantifizierung aktiver zentren durch chemische titration. Angewandte Chemie, 2013, 125(52): 14474–14478 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201306825
52
W Qi, W Liu, X Guo, R Schlögl, D Su. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: intrinsic catalytic activity and structure-function relationships. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(46): 13682–13685 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201505818
53
B Li, D Su. The nucleophilicity of the oxygen functional groups on carbon materials: a DFT analysis. Chemistry, 2014, 20(26): 7890–7894 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201400347
54
S Mao, B Li, D Su. The first principles studies on the reaction pathway of the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on the undoped and doped carbon catalyst. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2(15): 5287–5294 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14837h
55
R Wang, X Sun, B Zhang, X Sun, D Su. Hybrid nanocarbon as a catalyst for direct dehydrogenation of propane: formation of an active and selective core–shell sp2/sp3 nanocomposite structure. Chemistry, 2014, 20(21): 6324–6331 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201400018
56
V Schwartz, W Fu, Y T Tsai, H M III Meyer, A J Rondinone, J Chen, Z Wu, S H Overbury, C Liang. Oxygen-functionalized few-layer graphene sheets as active catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. ChemSusChem, 2013, 6(5): 840–846 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200756
57
Y Li, Z Zhang, J Wang, C Ma, H Yang, Z Hao. Direct dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene over carbon catalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2015, 36(8): 1214–1222 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)60914-7
58
X Guo, W Qi, W Liu, P Yan, F Li, C Liang, D Su. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: revealing the catalytic mechanism using model catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(2): 1424–1427 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02936
59
J Zhang, D S Su, R Blume, R Schlögl, R Wang, X Yang, A Gajović. Surface chemistry and catalytic reactivity of a nanodiamond in the steam-free dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2010, 49(46): 8640–8644 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002869
60
Z P Hu, C Chen, J T Ren, Z Y Yuan. Direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene on surface-oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2018, 559: 85–93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2018.04.017
61
R Rao, Q Ling, H Dong, X Dong, N Li, A Zhang. Effect of surface modification on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation using CO2 as oxidant. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 301: 115–122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.109
62
W Shi, Y Peng, S A III Steiner, J Li, D L Plata. Carbon dioxide promotes dehydrogenation in the equimolar C2H2-CO2 reaction to synthesize carbon nanotubes. Small, 2018, 14(11): 1703482 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703482
63
L R Parent, E Bakalis, M Proetto, Y Li, C Park, F Zerbetto, N C Gianneschi. Tackling the challenges of dynamic experiments using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2018, 51(1): 3–11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00331
64
Y Zheng, X Huang, J Chen, K Wu, J Wang, X Zhang. A review of conductive carbon materials for 3D printing: materials, technologies, properties, and applications. Materials, 2021, 14(14): 3911 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143911
65
O A Knyazheva, O N Baklanova, A V Lavrenov. Catalytic dehydrogenation on carbon. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 2020, 54(6): 345–353 https://doi.org/10.3103/S0361521920060051
66
T Y Ma, L Liu, Z Y Yuan. Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons. Chemical Society Reviews, 2013, 42(9): 3977–4003 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35301F
67
L Liu, Y P Zhu, M Su, Z Y Yuan. Metal-free carbonaceous materials as promising heterogeneous catalysts. ChemCatChem, 2015, 7(18): 2765–2787 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500350
68
L Liu, Q F Deng, B Agula, X Zhao, T Z Ren, Z Y Yuan. Ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst for dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Chemical Communications, 2011, 47(29): 8334–8336 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc12806j
69
Z P Hu, J T Ren, D Yang, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. Mesoporous carbons as metal-free catalysts for propane dehydrogenation: effect of the pore structure and surface property. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2019, 40(9): 1385–1394 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63334-6
70
L Liu, Q F Deng, B Agula, T Z Ren, Y P Liu, B Zhaorigetu, Z Y Yuan. Synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon materials and their catalytic performance in dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Catalysis Today, 2012, 186(1): 35–41 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.08.022
71
L Liu, Q F Deng, Y P Liu, T Z Ren, Z Y Yuan. HNO3-activated mesoporous carbon catalyst for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Catalysis Communications, 2011, 16(1): 81–85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.09.005
72
W Zhang, G Zhao, T Muschin, A Bao. Nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon materials for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2020, 53(1): 100–107 https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6883
73
I Szewczyk, A Rokicińska, M Michalik, J Chen, A Jaworski, R Aleksis, A J Pell, N Hedin, A Slabon, P Kuśtrowski. Electrochemical denitrification and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene over N-doped mesoporous carbon: atomic level understanding of catalytic activity by 15N NMR. Chemistry of Materials, 2020, 32(17): 7263–7273 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01666
74
L Li, W Zhu, Y Liu, L Shi, H Liu, Y Ni, S Liu, H Zhou, Z Liu. Phosphorous-modified ordered mesoporous carbon for catalytic dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(69): 56304–56310 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA06619K
75
Y SongG LiuZ Y. Yuan N-, P-, and B-doped mesoporous carbons for direct dehydrogenation of propane. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(97): 94636–94642
76
V Schwartz, H Xie, H M III Meyer, S H Overbury, C Liang. Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane on phosphorous-modified graphitic mesoporous carbon. Carbon, 2011, 49(2): 659–668 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.015
77
C Yin, J He, S Liu. Carbon nanotubes derived from industrial resin for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. ChemistrySelect, 2020, 5(22): 6674–6677 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202001540
78
I Bychko, A Abakumov, A Nikolenko, O V Selyshchev, D R T Zahn, V O Khavrus, J Tang, P Strizhak. Ethane direct dehydrogenation over carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide. Chemistry Select, 2021, 6(34): 8981–8984 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202102493
79
J Li, P Yu, J Xie, J Liu, Z Wang, C Wu, J Rong, H Liu, D Su. Improving the alkene selectivity of nanocarbon-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane by refinement of oxygen species. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(10): 7305–7311 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b02282
80
H Yuan, Z Sun, H Liu, B Zhang, C Chen, H Wang, Z Yang, J Zhang, F Wei, D S Su. Immobilizing carbon nanotubes on SiC foam as a monolith catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. ChemCatChem, 2013, 5(7): 1713–1717 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200758
81
Y Zhang, J Wang, J Rong, J Diao, J Zhang, C Shi, H Liu, D Su. A facile and efficient method to fabricate highly selective nanocarbon catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation. ChemSusChem, 2017, 10(2): 353–358 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601299
82
Y Zhang, R Huang, Z Feng, H Liu, C Shi, J Rong, B Zong, D Su. Phosphate modified carbon nanotubes for oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2016, 25(3): 349–353 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2016.02.010
83
B Frank, J Zhang, R Blume, R Schlogl, D S Su. Heteroatoms increase the selectivity in oxidative dehydrogenation reactions on nanocarbons. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009, 48(37): 6913–6917 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200901826
84
W Liu, C Wang, F Herold, B J M Etzold, D Su, W Qi. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: effect of heteroatom doping. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019, 258: 117982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117982
85
Z Zhao, Y Dai, G Ge, X Guo, G Wang. Increased active sites and their accessibility of a N-doped carbon nanotube carbocatalyst with remarkably enhanced catalytic performance in direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(65): 53095–53099 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA08754F
86
Z Zhao, Y Dai, G Ge, G Wang. Explosive decomposition of a melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular assembly for fabricating defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes with significantly promoted catalysis. Chemistry, 2015, 21(22): 8004–8009 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201500316
87
Q Wang, H Wang, Y Zhang, G Wen, H Liu, D Su. Syntheses and catalytic applications of the high-N-content, the cup-stacking and the macroscopic nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2017, 33(8): 843–849 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.01.011
88
T Cao, X Dai, W Liu, Y Fu, W Qi. Carbon nanotubes modified by multi-heteroatoms polymer for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane: improvement of propene selectivity and oxidation resistance. Carbon, 2022, 189: 199–209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.069
89
J Li, P Yu, J Xie, Y Zhang, H Liu, D Su, J Rong. Grignard reagent reduced nanocarbon material in oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane. Journal of Catalysis, 2018, 360: 51–56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.021
90
G Hong, S Diao, A L Antaris, H Dai. Carbon nanomaterials for biological imaging and nanomedicinal therapy. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(19): 10816–10906 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00008
91
S Kumar, M Nehra, D Kedia, N Dilbaghi, K Tankeshwar, K H Kim. Nanodiamonds: emerging face of future nanotechnology. Carbon, 2019, 143: 678–699 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.060
92
A V Shvidchenko, E D Eidelman, A Y Vul, N M Kuznetsov, D Y Stolyarova, S I Belousov, S N Chvalun. Colloids of detonation nanodiamond particles for advanced applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2019, 268: 64–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.03.008
93
Q Zhou, G Ge, Z Guo, Y Liu, Z Zhao. Poly(imidazolium-methylene)-assisted grinding strategy to prepare nanocarbon-embedded network monoliths for carbocatalysis. ACS Catalysis, 2020, 10(24): 14604–14614 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03797
94
V N Mochalin, O Shenderova, D Ho, Y Gogotsi. The properties and applications of nanodiamonds. Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 7(1): 11–23 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.209
H Ba, S Podila, Y Liu, X Mu, J M Nhut, V Papaefthimiou, S Zafeiratos, P Granger, C Pham-Huu. Nanodiamond decorated few-layer graphene composite as an efficient metal-free dehydrogenation catalyst for styrene production. Catalysis Today, 2015, 249: 167–175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.029
97
J Diao, H Liu, Z Feng, Y Zhang, T Chen, C Miao, W Yang, D S Su. Highly dispersed nanodiamonds supported on few-layer graphene as robust metal-free catalysts for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reaction. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2015, 5(11): 4950–4953 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01213A
98
T T Thanh, H Ba, L Truong-Phuoc, J M Nhut, O Ersen, D Begin, I Janowska, D L Nguyen, P Granger, C Pham-Huu. A few-layer graphene-graphene oxide composite containing nanodiamonds as metal-free catalysts. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2(29): 11349–11357 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA01307G
99
L Roldán, A M Benito, E García-Bordejé. Self-assembled graphene aerogel and nanodiamond hybrids as high performance catalysts in oxidative propane dehydrogenation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(48): 24379–24388 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA07404E
100
H Ba, Y Liu, X Mu, W H Doh, J M Nhut, P Granger, C Pham-Huu. Macroscopic nanodiamonds/β-SiC composite as metal-free catalysts for steam-free dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2015, 499: 217–226 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.04.022
101
G GeX WeiH GuoZ Zhao. Assembly‐in‐foam approach to construct nanodiamond/carbon nanotube hybrid monolithic carbocatalysts for direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 2022(26).
102
C Chen, Z P Hu, S M Zhang, Z Y Yuan. Advance in the catalysts of direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petroleum Processing Section), 2020, 36(3): 639–652
103
X Liu, B Frank, W Zhang, T P Cotter, R Schlogl, D S Su. Carbon-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane: selective site formation during sp3-to-sp2 lattice rearrangement. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50(14): 3318–3322 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201006717
104
X Sun, Y Ding, B Zhang, R Huang, D Chen, D S Su. Insight into the enhanced selectivity of phosphate-modified annealed nanodiamond for oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 5(4): 2436–2444 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b00042
105
X Sun, Y Ding, B Zhang, R Huang, D S Su. New insights into the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on borate-modified nanodiamond. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(44): 9145–9148 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC00588D
106
Y Liu, H Ba, J Luo, K H Wu, J M Nhut, D S Su, C Pham-Huu. Structure-performance relationship of nanodiamonds@nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon in the direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Catalysis Today, 2018, 301: 38–47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.010
107
Q Zhou, X Guo, C Song, Z Zhao. Defect-enriched N,O-codoped nanodiamond/carbon nanotube catalysts for styrene production via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2019, 2(4): 2152–2159 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b00124
108
G Ge, X Wei, H Guo, Z Zhao. An efficient nanodiamond-based monolithic foam catalyst prepared by a facile thermal impregnation strategy for direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2023, 34(5): 107808 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107808
109
G Ge, X Guo, C Song, Z Zhao. A mutually isolated nanodiamond/porous carbon nitride nanosheet hybrid with enriched active sites for promoted catalysis in styrene production. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2020, 10(4): 1048–1055 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY02217A
110
Z Luo, Q Wan, Z Yu, S Lin, Z Xie, X Wang. Photo-fluorination of nanodiamonds catalyzing oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of ethylbenzene. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 6542 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26891-8
111
W Zhao, D W He, Y S Wang, X Du, H Xin. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of three-dimensional graphene/polyaniline composites for supercapacitor electrode materials. Chinese Physics B, 2015, 24(4): 047204 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/24/4/047204
112
Y Gao, D Ma, C Wang, J Guan, X Bao. Reduced graphene oxide as a catalyst for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at room temperature. Chemical Communications, 2011, 47(8): 2432–2434 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC04420B
113
Y Gao, G Hu, J Zhong, Z Shi, Y Zhu, D S Su, J Wang, X Bao, D Ma. Nitrogen-doped sp2-hybridized carbon as a superior catalyst for selective oxidation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52(7): 2109–2113 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207918
114
D D Eslek-Koyuncu. Microwave-assisted non-oxidative ethane dehydrogenation over different carbon materials. Diamond and Related Materials, 2020, 110: 108130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108130
115
S Tang, Z Cao. Site-dependent catalytic activity of graphene oxides towards oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2012, 14(48): 16558–16565 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp41343d
116
G K Dathar, Y T Tsai, K Gierszal, Y Xu, C Liang, A J Rondinone, S H Overbury, V Schwartz. Identifying active functionalities on few-layered graphene catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7(2): 483–491 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301006
117
A Brooks, S J Jenkins, S Wrabetz, J McGregor, M Sacchi. The dehydrogenation of butane on metal-free graphene. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 619: 377–387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.128
118
C Chen, M L Sun, Z P Hu, Y P Liu, S M Zhang, Z Y Yuan. Nature of active phase of VOx catalysts supported on SiBeta for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2020, 41(2): 276–285 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63444-3
119
Z Heidarinejad, M H Dehghani, M Heidari, G Javedan, I Ali, M Sillanpää. Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020, 18(2): 393–415 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0
120
W Ao, J Fu, X Mao, Q Kang, C Ran, Y Liu, H Zhang, Z Gao, J Li, G Liu, J Dai. Microwave assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 92: 958–979 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.051
121
K MacDermid-Watts, R Pradhan, A Dutta. Catalytic hydrothermal carbonization treatment of biomass for enhanced activated carbon: a review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2020, 12(5): 2171–2186 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01134-x
122
R Pietrzak, T J Bandosz. Activated carbons modified with sewage sludge derived phase and their application in the process of NO2 removal. Carbon, 2007, 45(13): 2537–2546 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.08.030
123
N Karatepe, İ Orbak, R Yavuz, A Özyuğuran. Sulfur dioxide adsorption by activated carbons having different textural and chemical properties. Fuel, 2008, 87(15–16): 3207–3215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.06.002
124
H L Mudoga, H Yucel, N S Kincal. Decolorization of sugar syrups using commercial and sugar beet pulp based activated carbons. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99(9): 3528–3533 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.058
125
J Cui, L Zhang. Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 158(2–3): 228–256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001
126
B Tsyntsarski, I Stoycheva, T Tsoncheva, I Genova, M Dimitrov, B Petrova, D Paneva, Z Cherkezova-Zheleva, T Budinova, H Kolev, A Gomis-Berenguer, C O Ania, I Mitov, N Petrov. Activated carbons from waste biomass and low rank coals as catalyst supports for hydrogen production by methanol decomposition. Fuel Processing Technology, 2015, 137: 139–147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.04.016
S Ma, H Li, G Zhang, T Iqbal, K Li, Q Lu. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of walnut shell for alkylphenols production with nitrogen-doped activated carbon catalyst. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2020, 15(2): 25 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1317-y
129
K Ö Köse, M K Aydınol. Development of activated carbon/bimetallic transition metal phosphide composite materials for electrochemical capacitors and oxygen evolution reaction catalysis. International Journal of Energy Research, 2022, 46(15): 22078–22088 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8710
130
Z P Hu, L F Zhang, Z Wang, Z Y Yuan. Bean dregs-derived hierarchical porous carbons as metal-free catalysts for efficient dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2018, 93(12): 3410–3417 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5698
131
Z Cheng, Y Wang, D Jin, J Liu, W Wang, Y Gu, W Ni, Z Feng, M Wu. Petroleum pitch-derived porous carbon as a metal-free catalyst for direct propane dehydrogenation to propylene. Catalysis Today, 2023, 410: 164–174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.022
132
Z P Hu, H Zhao, C Chen, Z Y Yuan. Castanea mollissima shell-derived porous carbons as metal-free catalysts for highly efficient dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Catalysis Today, 2018, 316: 214–222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.01.010
133
N Martin-Sanchez, O S G P Soares, M F R Pereira, M J Sanchez-Montero, J L Figueiredo, F Salvador. Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane catalyzed by an activated carbon fiber cloth exposed to supercritical fluids. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2015, 502: 71–77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.05.037
134
S Büchele, G Zichittella, S Kanatakis, S Mitchell, Ramírez J Pérez. Impact of heteroatom speciation on the activity and stability of carbon-based catalysts for propane dehydrogenation. ChemCatChem, 2021, 13(11): 2599–2608 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100208
135
Jesús Díaz Velásquez J de, L M C Suárez, J L Figueiredo. Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over activated carbon catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2006, 311: 51–57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.06.001
136
Y Zhang, J Diao, J Rong, J Zhang, J Xie, F Huang, Z Jia, H Liu, D S Su. An efficient metal-free catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation reaction: activated carbon decorated with few-layer graphene. ChemSusChem, 2018, 11(3): 536–541 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702178
137
Q Ling, R Wu, Z H Wang, H W Liang, Z Lei, Z G Zhao, Q P Ke, X C Liu, P Cui. Promotion role of B doping in N,B co-doped humic acids-based porous carbon for enhancing catalytic performance of oxidative dehydrogenation of propane using CO2. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 2022, 135(4): 1785–1802 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02251-5
138
J Delgado, D Su, G Rebmann, N Keller, A Gajovic, R Schlogl. Immobilized carbon nanofibers as industrial catalyst for ODH reactions. Journal of Catalysis, 2006, 244(1): 126–129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2006.08.007
139
O Klepel, S Utgenannt, C Vormelchert, M König, A Meißner, F Hansen, J H Bölte, T Sieber, R Heinemann, M Bron, A Rokicińska, S Jarczewski, P Kuśtrowski. Redox catalysts based on amorphous porous carbons. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2021, 323: 111257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111257
140
X Cao, X Wu, Y Liu, H Geng, S Yu, S Liu. Boron and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon nanospheres for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. Carbon, 2022, 197: 120–128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.06.028
141
H Ba, L Truong Phuoc, Y Liu, C Duong Viet, J M Nhut, L Nguyen Dinh, P Granger, C Pham Huu. Hierarchical carbon nanofibers/graphene composite containing nanodiamonds for direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Carbon, 2016, 96: 1060–1069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.044
142
Y Liu, J Luo, C Helleu, M Behr, H Ba, T Romero, A Hébraud, G Schlatter, O Ersen, D S Su, C Pham-Huu. Hierarchical porous carbon fibers/carbon nanofibers monolith from electrospinning/CVD processes as a high effective surface area support platform. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(5): 2151–2162 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA09414G
143
X Dai, F Li, X Zhang, T Cao, X Lu, W Qi. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: polydopamine hollow nanospheres as novel highly efficient catalysts. FlatChem, 2021, 25: 100220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2020.100220
144
J Wang, L Wang, J Diao, X Xie, G Lin, Q Jia, H Liu, G Sui. Fabrication of three dimensional SiC@C hybrid for efficient direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2022, 103: 209–214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.044
145
P Janus, R Janus, B Dudek, M Drozdek, A Silvestre-Albero, F Rodríguez-Reinoso, P Kuśtrowski. On mechanism of formation of SBA-15/furfuryl alcohol-derived mesoporous carbon replicas and its relationship with catalytic activity in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2020, 299: 110118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110118
146
B Frank, M Morassutto, R Schomäcker, R Schlögl, D S Su. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ChemCatChem, 2010, 2(6): 644–648 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201000035
147
Z Wang, B Yang, Y Wang, Y Zhao, X M Cao, P Hu. Identifying the trend of reactivity for sp2 materials: an electron delocalization model from first principles calculations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013, 15(24): 9498–9502 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51375k
148
H N Pham, J J Sattler, B M Weckhuysen, A K Datye. Role of Sn in the regeneration of Pt/γ-Al2O3 light alkane dehydrogenation catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2016, 6(4): 2257–2264 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02917
149
L Liu, M Lopez Haro, C W Lopes, S Rojas Buzo, P Concepcion, R Manzorro, L Simonelli, A Sattler, P Serna, J J Calvino, A Corma. Structural modulation and direct measurement of subnanometric bimetallic PtSn clusters confined in zeolites. Nature Catalysis, 2020, 3(8): 628–638 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-0472-7
150
Y Zhu, X Kong, J Yin, R You, B Zhang, H Zheng, X Wen, Y Zhu, Y W Li. Covalent-bonding to irreducible SiO2 leads to high-loading and atomically dispersed metal catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2017, 353: 315–324 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.07.030
151
L M Ombaka, P Ndungu, V O Nyamori. Usage of carbon nanotubes as platinum and nickel catalyst support in dehydrogenation reactions. Catalysis Today, 2013, 217: 65–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.05.014
152
X Chen, M Peng, D Xiao, H Liu, D Ma. Fully exposed metal clusters: fabrication and application in alkane dehydrogenation. ACS Catalysis, 2022, 12(20): 12720–12743 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c04008
153
P Yin, X Luo, Y Ma, S Q Chu, S Chen, X Zheng, J Lu, X J Wu, H W Liang. Sulfur stabilizing metal nanoclusters on carbon at high temperatures. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 3135 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23426-z
154
F Huang, Y Deng, Y Chen, X Cai, M Peng, Z Jia, J Xie, D Xiao, X Wen, N Wang, Z Jiang, H Liu, D Ma. Anchoring Cu1 species over nanodiamond-graphene for semi-hydrogenation of acetylene. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 4431 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12460-7
155
X H Yu, J L Yi, R L Zhang, F Y Wang, L Liu. Hollow carbon spheres and their noble metal-free hybrids in catalysis. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(6): 1380–1407 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2097-z
156
H Liu, J Wang, Z Feng, Y Lin, L Zhang, D Su. Facile synthesis of Au nanoparticles embedded in an ultrathin hollow graphene nanoshell with robust catalytic performance. Small, 2015, 10(38): 5059–5064 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201500635
157
B Agula, M Sun, S Liang, Y Bao, M Jia, F Xu, Z Y Yuan. Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over nanostructured mesoporous VOx/CexZr1-xO2 catalysts. Advanced Materials Science and Technology, 2022, 4(2): 049385 https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-526X-0402-5
158
T Cao, X Dai, F Li, W Liu, Y Bai, Y Fu, W Qi. Efficient non-precious metal catalyst for propane dehydrogenation: atomically dispersed cobalt-nitrogen compounds on carbon nanotubes. ChemCatChem, 2021, 13(13): 3067–3073 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100410
159
T Cao, X Dai, Y Fu, W Qi. Coordination polymer-derived non-precious metal catalyst for propane dehydrogenation: highly dispersed zinc anchored on N-doped carbon. Applied Surface Science, 2023, 607: 155055 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155055
160
H Wang, S Chai, P Li, Y Yang, X Wang. Non-oxidative Propane dehydrogenation over vanadium doped graphitic carbon nitride catalysts. Catalysis Letters, 2023, 153(4): 1120–1129 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-022-04018-y
161
A Ballarini, S Bocanegra, J Mendez, S de Miguel, P Zgolicz. Application of novel catalysts supported on carbonaceous materials in the direct non-oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane to olefins. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2022, 142: 109638 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109638
162
S A Chernyak, A L Kustov, D N Stolbov, M A Tedeeva, O Y Isaikina, K I Maslakov, N V Usol’tseva, S V Savilov. Chromium catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoflakes for CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Applied Surface Science, 2022, 578: 152099 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152099
163
N Kong, X Fan, F Liu, L Wang, H Lin, Y Li, S T Lee. Single vanadium atoms anchored on graphitic carbon nitride as a high-performance catalyst for non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(5): 5772–5779 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00659
164
X Y Sun, J H Xue, Y Ren, X Y Li, L J Zhou, B Li, Z Zhao. Catalytic property and stability of subnanometer Pt cluster on carbon nanotube in direct propane dehydrogenation. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 39(3): 661–665 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202000415
165
R Obunai, K Tamura, I Ogino, S R Mukai, W Ueda. Mo-V-O nanocrystals synthesized in the confined space of a mesoporous carbon. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2021, 624: 118294 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2021.118294
166
S L Xu, S C Shen, Z Y Wei, S Zhao, L J Zuo, M X Chen, L Wang, Y W Ding, P Chen, S Q Chu, Y Lin, K Qian, H W Liang. A library of carbon-supported ultrasmall bimetallic nanoparticles. Nano Research, 2020, 13(10): 2735–2740 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2920-8
