1. National & Local United Engineering Research Centre for Chemical Process Simulation and Intensification, Chemical Process Simulation and Optimization Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411100, China 2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China 3. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Biomass-derived carbon materials for lithium-ion batteries emerge as one of the most promising anodes from sustainable perspective. However, improving the reversible capacity and cycling performance remains a long-standing challenge. By combining the benefits of K2CO3 activation and KMnO4 hydrothermal treatment, this work proposes a two-step activation method to load MnO2 charge transfer onto biomass-derived carbon (KAC@MnO2). Comprehensive analysis reveals that KAC@MnO2 has a micro-mesoporous coexistence structure and uniform surface distribution of MnO2, thus providing an improved electrochemical performance. Specifically, KAC@MnO2 exhibits an initial charge-discharge capacity of 847.3/1813.2 mAh·g–1 at 0.2 A·g–1, which is significantly higher than that of direct pyrolysis carbon and K2CO3 activated carbon, respectively. Furthermore, the KAC@MnO2 maintains a reversible capacity of 652.6 mAh·g–1 after 100 cycles. Even at a high current density of 1.0 A·g–1, KAC@MnO2 still exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability and maintains a stable reversible capacity of 306.7 mAh·g–1 after 500 cycles. Compared with reported biochar anode materials, the KAC@MnO2 prepared in this work shows superior reversible capacity and cycling performance. Additionally, the Li+ insertion and de-insertion mechanisms are verified by ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis during the charge-discharge process, helping us better understand the energy storage mechanism of KAC@MnO2.
Specific discharge capacity after cycling/(mAh·g–1)
Ref.
MnO2/CNFs
703.0/1064.0
180
100
365.0
[41]
CF@MnO2
745.0/1240.0
100
150
648.0
[42]
MnO2/RGO
705.0/1048.0
100
50
427.7
[43]
MnO2/CNT
533.0/1390.0
250
150
320.0
[44]
MnO2@C PNSs
624.0/1128.0
200
100
641.0
[45]
KAC@MnO2
847.3/1813.2
200
100
652.6
This work
1000
500
306.7
Tab.3
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
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