1. Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan 2. Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam 3. Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
Typically, the hydroxide agents, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, which have corrosive properties, are used in the carbon activation process. In this study, potassium oxalate (K2C2O4), a less toxic and non-corrosive activating reagent, was used to synthesize activated carbon from the solid residue after autohydrolysis treatment. The effect of the autohydrolysis treatment and the ratio of the K2C2O4/solid residue are presented in this study. Moreover, the comparison between the activated carbon from bamboo and biochar from the solid residue are also reported. The resulting activated carbon from the solid residue exhibited a high surface area of up to 1432 m2·g–1 and a total pore volume of up to 0.88 cm3·g–1. The autohydrolysis treatment enhanced the microporosity properties compared to those without pretreatment of the activated carbon. The microporosity of the activated carbon from the solid residue was dominated by the pore width at 0.7 nm, which is excellent for CO2 storage. At 25 °C and 1.013 × 105 Pa, the CO2 captured reached up to 4.1 mmol·g–1. On the other hand, the ratio between K2C2O4 and the solid residue has not played a critical role in determining the porosity properties. The ratio of the K2C2O4/solid residue of 2 could help the carbon material reach a highly microporous textural property that produces a high carbon capture capacity. Our finding proved the benefit of using the solid residue from the autohydrolysis treatment as a precursor material and offering a more friendly and sustainable activation carbon process.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2024, 18(4): 41.
Dang Duc Viet, Doan Thi Thao, Khuong Duy Anh, Toshiki Tsubota. Autohydrolysis treatment of bamboo and potassium oxalate (K2C2O4) activation of bamboo product for CO2 capture utilization. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(4): 41.
T F StockerD QinG-K PlattnerM M B TignorS K AllenJ BoschungA NauelsY XiaV BexP M Midgley. IPCC, 2013: Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013
2
A M Aljumialy , R Mokaya . Porous carbons from sustainable sources and mild activation for targeted high-performance CO2 capture and storage. Materials Advances, 2020, 1(9): 3267–3280 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00449A
3
A Altwala , R Mokaya . Direct and mild non-hydroxide activation of biomass to carbons with enhanced CO2 storage capacity. Energy Advances, 2022, 1(4): 216–224 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1YA00085C
R L Siegelman , E J Kim , J R Long . Porous materials for carbon dioxide separations. Nature Materials, 2021, 20(8): 1060–1072 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01054-8
6
F Raganati , F Miccio , P Ammendola . Adsorption of carbon dioxide for post-combustion capture: a review. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(16): 12845–12868 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01618
7
J S Cha , S H Park , S C Jung , C Ryu , J K Jeon , M C Shin , Y K Park . Production and utilization of biochar: a review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016, 40: 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.06.002
8
G S Ghodake , S K Shinde , A A Kadam , R G Saratale , G D Saratale , M Kumar , R R Palem , H A AL-Shwaiman , A M Elgorban , A Syed . et al.. Review on biomass feedstocks, pyrolysis mechanism and physicochemical properties of biochar: state-of-the-art framework to speed up vision of circular bioeconomy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 297: 126645 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126645
9
P R Yaashikaa , P S Kumar , S Varjani , A Saravanan . A critical review on the biochar production techniques, characterization, stability and applications for circular bioeconomy. Biotechnology Reports, 2020, 28: e00570 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00570
10
H Bamdad , K Hawboldt . Comparative study between physicochemical characterization of biochar and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as gas adsorbents. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2016, 94(11): 2114–2120 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22595
11
D Andirova , C F Cogswell , Y Lei , S Choi . Effect of the structural constituents of metal organic frameworks on carbon dioxide capture. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2016, 219: 276–305 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.07.029
12
M LobovikovS PaudelM PiazzaH RenJ Wu. World bamboo resources: a thematic study prepared in the framework of the global forest resources, assessment 2005. 2007
13
Akeem Azeez Mayowa. Orege J I. Bamboo, its chemical modification and products. In: Bamboo—Current and Future Prospects. London: InTech Open, 2020
14
W FatriasariN N SolihatF P SariA KarimahA Sohail. Sugar production from bamboo. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023
15
D D Viet , T Tsubota , Y Shinogi . Humidity adsorption characteristics of Moso bamboo charcoal oxidized at room temperature by HNO. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 2020, 17(1): 34–41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-019-00251-y
16
INBAR. Trade Overview 2019: Bamboo and Rattan Commodities in The International Market, 2021
17
M H F Felisberto , A L Beraldo , M T P S Clerici . Young bamboo culm flour of Dendrocalamus asper: technological properties for food applications. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie, 2017, 76: 230–235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.015
18
Y Dong , T Takeshita , H Miyafuji , T Nokami , T Itoh . Direct extraction of polysaccharides from Moso bamboo (Phylostachys herocycla) chips using a mixed solvent system of an amino acid ionic liquid with polar aprotic solvent. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2018, 91(3): 398–404 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20170383
19
X Zhang , M Li , L Zhong , X Peng , R Sun . Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from bamboo (Phyllostachys acuta) leaves and their antioxidant activity. BioResources, 2016, 11(2): 5100–5112 https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.5100-5112
20
A Palaniappan , U Antony , M N Emmambux . Current status of xylooligosaccharides: production, characterization, health benefits and food application. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2021, 111: 506–519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.047
21
M Mohan , T Banerjee , V V Goud . Hydrolysis of bamboo biomass by subcritical water treatment. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 191: 244–252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.010
22
A W Bhutto , K Qureshi , K Harijan , R Abro , T Abbas , A A Bazmi , S Karim , G Yu . Insight into progress in pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy, 2017, 122: 724–745 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.005
23
D Nabarlatz , X Farriol , D Montané . Autohydrolysis of almond shells for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides: product characteristics and reaction kinetics. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2005, 44(20): 7746–7755 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050664n
24
P Kilpeläinen. Pressurized hot water flow-through extraction of birch wood. Dissertation for the Doctoral degree. Findland: Abo Akademi University, 2015
25
M García-Aparicio , W Parawira , Rensburg E Van , D Diedericks , M Galbe , C Rosslander , G Zacchi , J Görgens . Evaluation of steam-treated giant bamboo for production of fermentable sugars. Biotechnology Progress, 2011, 27(3): 641–649 https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.580
26
X Xiao , J Bian , X P Peng , H Xu , B Xiao , R C Sun . Autohydrolysis of bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) culm for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 138: 63–70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.160
27
R D Singh , C G Nadar , J Muir , A Arora . Green and clean process to obtain low degree of polymerisation xylooligosaccharides from almond shell. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 241: 118237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118237
28
M H Chen , M J Bowman , B S Dien , K D Rausch , M E Tumbleson , V Singh . Autohydrolysis of Miscanthus × giganteus for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS): kinetics, characterization and recovery. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 155: 359–365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.050
29
G Garrote , H Domínguez , J C Parajó . Autohydrolysis of corncob: study of non-isothermal operation for xylooligosaccharide production. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002, 52(3): 211–218 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00108-X
30
D A Khuong , S Saza , T Tsubota . The production of high-value products derived from bamboo by steam pretreatment: sugar-contained water solution and solid residue as a precursor for EDLC electrode. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2023, 304: 127853 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127853
31
D A Khuong , H N Nguyen , T Tsubota . Activated carbon produced from bamboo and solid residue by CO2 activation utilized as CO2 adsorbents. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2021, 148: 106039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106039
32
D A Khuong , H N Nguyen , T Tsubota . CO2 activation of bamboo residue after hydrothermal treatment and performance as an EDLC electrode. RSC Advances, 2021, 11(16): 9682–9692 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA00124H
33
D A Khuong , K T Trinh , Y Nakaoka , T Tsubota , D Tashima , H N Nguyen , D Tanaka . The investigation of activated carbon by K2CO3 activation: micropores- and macropores-dominated structure. Chemosphere, 2022, 299: 134365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134365
34
S Guo , Y Li , Y Wang , L Wang , Y Sun , L Liu . Recent advances in biochar-based adsorbents for CO2 capture. Carbon Capture Science and Technology, 2022, 4: 100059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100059
35
Y Fu , Y Shen , Z Zhang , X Ge , M Chen . Activated bio-chars derived from rice husk via one- and two-step KOH-catalyzed pyrolysis for phenol adsorption. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 646: 1567–1577 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.423
36
M Sevilla , N Díez , A B Fuertes . More sustainable chemical activation strategies for the production of porous carbons. ChemSusChem, 2021, 14(1): 94–117 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001838
37
A Rehman , G Nazir , K Y Rhee , S J Park . Valorization of orange peel waste to tunable heteroatom-doped hydrochar-derived microporous carbons for selective CO2 adsorption and separation. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 849: 157805 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157805
38
Q Jiang , Y Wang , Y Gao , Y Zhang . Fabrication and characterization of a hierarchical porous carbon from corn straw-derived hydrochar for atrazine removal: efficiency and interface mechanisms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2019, 26(29): 30268–30278 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06174-y
39
J V Guerrera , J N Burrow , J E Eichler , M Z Rahman , M V Namireddy , K A Friedman , S S Coffman , D C Calabro , C B Mullins , C B Mullins . Evaluation of two potassium-based activation agents for the production of oxygen- and nitrogen-doped porous carbons. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(5): 6101–6112 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c00427
40
G Nazir , A Rehman , S J Park . Role of heteroatoms (nitrogen and sulfur)-dual doped corn-starch based porous carbons for selective CO2 adsorption and separation. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2021, 51: 101641
41
Y Diao , W P Walawender , L T Fan . Activated carbons prepared from phosphoric acid activation of grain sorghum. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 81(1): 45–52 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00100-6
42
P Feng , J Li , H Wang , Z Xu . Biomass-based activated carbon and activators: preparation of activated carbon from corncob by chemical activation with biomass pyrolysis liquids. ACS Omega, 2020, 5(37): 24064–24072 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03494
43
M Sevilla , A S M Al-Jumialy , A B Fuertes , R Mokaya . Optimization of the pore structure of biomass-based carbons in relation to their use for CO2 capture under low- and high-pressure regimes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(2): 1623–1633 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10433
44
N Balahmar , A C Mitchell , R Mokaya . Generalized mechanochemical synthesis of biomass-derived sustainable carbons for high performance CO2 storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(22): 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500867
45
B Adeniran , R Mokaya . Compactivation: a mechanochemical approach to carbons with superior porosity and exceptional performance for hydrogen and CO2 storage. Nano Energy, 2015, 16: 173–185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.06.022
46
J Serafin , M Baca , M Biegun , E Mijowska , R J Kaleńczuk , J Sreńscek-Nazzal , B Michalkiewicz . Direct conversion of biomass to nanoporous activated biocarbons for high CO2 adsorption and supercapacitor applications. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 497: 143722 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143722
47
M Thommes , K Kaneko , A V Neimark , J P Olivier , F Rodriguez-Reinoso , J Rouquerol , K S W Sing . Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2015, 87(9-10): 1051–1069 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117
48
J Rodriguez-Mirasol , T Cordero , L R Radovic , J J Rodriguez . Structural and textural properties of pyrolytic carbon formed within a microporous zeolite template. Chemistry of Materials, 1998, 10(2): 550–558 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970552p
49
F Su , X S Zhao , L Lv , Z Zhou . Synthesis and characterization of microporous carbons templated by ammonium-form zeolite Y. Carbon, 2004, 42(14): 2821–2831 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.028
50
H M Coromina , D A Walsh , R Mokaya . Biomass-derived activated carbon with simultaneously enhanced CO2 uptake for both pre and post combustion capture applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(1): 280–289 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA09202G