Synergistic technologies for a circular economy: upcycling waste plastics and biomass
Ahmed I. Osman1(), Mahmoud Nasr2, Chukwunonso O. Aniagor3, Mohamed Farghali4, Mee Mee Huang5, Bridgid Lai Fui Chin6,7, Ziqiang Sun8, Serene Sow Mun Lock9,10, Eduardo A. López-Maldonado11, Chung Loong Yiin5,12, Charles E. Chinyelu3, Abid Salam Farooqi9,13, Zhonghao Chen8, Pow-Seng Yap8()
. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK . Nanocomposite Catalysts Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science at Qena, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt . Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria . Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan . Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia . Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri 98009, Malaysia . Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri 98009, Malaysia . Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China . Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia . CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia . Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, CP 22390 Tijuana, Mexico . Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia . Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
The urgent need for sustainable waste management has led to the exploration of upcycling waste plastics and biomass as viable solutions. In 2018, global plastic production reached 359 million tonnes, with an estimated 12000 million tonnes projected to be delivered and disposed of in landfills by 2050. Unfortunately, current waste management practices result in only 19.5% of plastics being recycled, while the rest is either landfilled (55%) or incinerated (25.5%). The improper disposal of plastics contributes to issues such as soil and groundwater contamination, air pollution, and wildlife disturbance. On the other hand, biomass has the potential to deliver around 240 exajoules of energy per year by 2060. However, its current utilization remains relatively small, with only approximately 9% of biomass-derived energy being consumed in Europe in 2017. This review explores various upcycling methods for waste plastics and biomass, including mechanical, chemical, biological, and thermal approaches. It also highlights the applications of upcycled plastics and biomass in sectors such as construction, packaging, energy generation, and chemicals. The environmental and economic benefits of upcycling are emphasized, including the reduction of plastic pollution, preservation of natural resources, carbon footprint reduction, and circular economy advancement.
Corresponding Author(s):
Ahmed I. Osman,Pow-Seng Yap
引用本文:
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2025, 19(1): 2.
Ahmed I. Osman, Mahmoud Nasr, Chukwunonso O. Aniagor, Mohamed Farghali, Mee Mee Huang, Bridgid Lai Fui Chin, Ziqiang Sun, Serene Sow Mun Lock, Eduardo A. López-Maldonado, Chung Loong Yiin, Charles E. Chinyelu, Abid Salam Farooqi, Zhonghao Chen, Pow-Seng Yap. Synergistic technologies for a circular economy: upcycling waste plastics and biomass. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2025, 19(1): 2.
Primarily used in packaging materials, plastic bags, and containers
[27,32,33]
PP
Extensively found in packaging, textiles, and consumer goods
[32?34]
PVC
Frequently used in pipes, cables, construction materials, and packaging
[35]
PET
Used in beverage bottles, food packaging, and textiles
[32,33,36]
PS
It is found in disposable foam products, packaging, and food containers
[32,33,37]
Polyamide (nylon)
Employed in textiles, fishing gear, and industrial applications
[28,31,38]
PU
Found in foam products, cushions, mattresses, and automotive parts
[28]
Tab.1
Sources
Example
Ref.
Packaging
Bottles, containers, and wraps: plastic packaging materials from food, beverages, and consumer products
[39]
Single-use plastics
Bags, straws, and cutlery: disposable plastic items used in daily life
[40]
Construction and demolition
PVC pipes, insulation, and sheet materials: plastic materials used in construction and building
[41,42]
Consumer goods
Electronic components and appliances: plastics from discarded electronic devices and appliances
[43,44]
Automotive sector
Interior and exterior components: plastic parts from vehicles
[27]
Textiles
Synthetic fibers and clothing: microplastic shedding from textiles
[45]
Medical waste
Disposable medical items: plastic products used in healthcare
[46]
Fishing gear
Nets, lines, and traps: abandoned or lost fishing gear made of plastic
[47]
Tab.2
Fig.1
Fig.2
Types
Sources
Ref.
Wood biomass
Trees, branches, wood chips, and sawdust
[48]
Crop residues
Agricultural residues such as corn stover, wheat straw, and rice husks
[49?51]
Dedicated energy crops
Specifically grown crops for energy production, e.g., switchgrass and miscanthus
[52,53]
Animal waste
Livestock manure, poultry litter, and other agricultural by-products
[51,52]
Aquatic biomass
Algae and aquatic plants
[54]
MSW
Organic components of household waste
[55,56]
Food waste
Discarded food materials from households, restaurants, and food-processing industries
[52,55,57,58]
Forest residues
Debris, bark, and other residues from forestry operations
[59,60]
Tab.3
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
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