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Frontiers of Engineering Management

ISSN 2095-7513

ISSN 2096-0255(Online)

CN 10-1205/N

邮发代号 80-905

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Frontiers of Engineering Management  2021, Vol. 8 Issue (4): 531-544   https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-021-0167-z
  本期目录
An overview of the reliability metrics for power grids and telecommunication networks
Yan-Fu LI(), Chuanzhou JIA
Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract：

Power grids deliver energy, and telecommunication networks transmit information. These two facilities are critical to human society. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive overview of the development of reliability metrics for power grids and telecommunication networks. The main purpose of this review is to promote and support the formulation of communication network reliability metrics with reference to the development of power grid reliability. We classify the metrics of power grid into the reliability of power distribution and generation/transmission and the metrics of telecommunication network into connectivity-based, performance-based, and state-based metrics. Then, we exhibit and discuss the difference between the situations of the reliability metrics of the two systems. To conclude this study, we conceive a few topics for future research and development for telecommunication network reliability metrics.
Key words： reliability    metrics    power grids    telecommunication networks
收稿日期: 2021-03-17      出版日期: 2021-11-01
Corresponding Author(s): Yan-Fu LI   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 2021, 8(4): 531-544.
Yan-Fu LI, Chuanzhou JIA. An overview of the reliability metrics for power grids and telecommunication networks. Front. Eng, 2021, 8(4): 531-544.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/CN/10.1007/s42524-021-0167-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/CN/Y2021/V8/I4/531
Load point Number of customers Average load connected
1 1000 5000
2 800 3600
3 600 2800
4 800 3400
5 500 2400
6 300 1800
Total 4000 19000
Tab.1  
Interruption case Probability Load point affected Number of customers disconnected Load curtailed (kW) Duration of interruption (hour) Customer hours curtailed Energy not supplied (kWh)
1 0.3 2 800 3600 3 2400 10800
3 600 1800 3 1800 8400
2 0.4 6 300 1800 2 600 3600
3 0.2 3 600 2800 1 600 2800
4 0.3 5 500 2400 1.5 750 3600
6 300 1800 1.5 450 2700
Total 3100 14200 12 6600 31900
Tab.2  
Daily peak load (MW) 57 52 46 41 34
No. of occurrences 12 83 107 116 47
Tab.3  
Main groups Subgroups Renferences
Connectivity-based metrics 2-terminal connectivity
K-terminal connectivity
All-terminal connectivity		 Jereb (1998); Wilkov (1972); Hwang et al. (1981); Locks (1985); Cook and Ramirez-Marquez (2007); Migov and Shakhov (2014); Xiang and Yang (2020)
Performance-based metrics Demand reliability Aggarwal (1985); Rushdi (1988); Bienstock and Günlük (1995); Lee (1980); Aggarwal et al. (1982a; 1982b); Ramirez-Marquez and Coit (2005); Zuo et al. (2007)
Time reliability Park and Tanaka (1979); Chiou and Li (1986); Levitin (2003); Wu et al. (2015); Li et al. (2017); Shi et al. (2012)
SINR reliability Capra et al. (1969); Miyoshi and Shirai (2014); Pocovi et al. (2015); Zhong et al. (2017); Xiang and Yang (2020)
State-based metrics Effectiveness reliability Trstensky and Bowron (1984); Fan and Sun (2010)
Expected lost traffic Sanso et al. (1991); Carlier et al. (1997)
Tab.4  
Fig.1  
Category Description Example
Accessibility A KPI enables the network operator to know whether the service required by a user can be accessed RRC (radio resource control) setup success rate (signaling)
E-RAB (evolved radio access bearer) setup success rate
Retainability A KPI measures the capacity of the system to ensure the services without interruption Call drop rate
Service call drop rate
Mobility A measure with the ability to provide continuous services to mobile users in the network Intra-frequency handover out success rate
Inter-RAT (radio access technology) handover success rate (LTE to WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access))
Integrity A KPI that shows the service quality provided to an end-user (experienced user throughput and reliability) Service uplink/downlink average throughput
Bit error rate
SINR
Packet error rate
Latency A KPI that shows the delay experienced by an end-user User plane latency
Control plane latency
End-to-end latency
One-trip time latency
Availability A KPI that shows availability of a cell Radio network unavailability rate
Cell availability
Traffic Traffic KPIs are used to measure the traffic volumes on LTE RAN Radio bearers
Downlink/Uplink traffic volume
Area traffic capacity
Peak data rate
Energy efficiency A KPI that shows data energy efficiency in operational Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Spectral efficiency
E-UTRAN data energy efficiency
Tab.5  
Usage scenarios KPIs Target
Download Upload
eMBB Peak data rate 20 Gbps 10 Gbps
Peak spectral efficiency 30 bps/Hz 15 bps/Hz
Control plane latency (same as URLLC) 10 ms
User plane latency 4 ms
Average spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) Three times higher than IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications)-advanced
Area traffic capacity 10 Mbps/m2
User experienced data rate 100 Mbps 50 Mbps
5% user spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz/user) Three times higher than IMT-advanced
Target maximum mobility speed (same as URLLC and mMTC) 500 km/h
Mobility interruption time (same as URLLC and mMTC) 0 ms
Network energy efficiency (same as URLLC and mMTC) No quantitative requirement
User equipment energy efficiency (same as URLLC and mMTC) No quantitative requirement
Bandwidth At least 100 MHz; Up to 1 GHz for operation in higher frequency bands (e.g., above 6 GHz)
mMTC Coverage Max coupling loss 140 dB
User equipment battery life Beyond 10 years, 15 years is desirable
Connection density 1000000 device/km2
Latency of infrequent small packets 10 s
URLLC User plane latency 0.5 ms
Reliability 1×10−5 success probability for 32 bytes within 1 ms on user plane delay
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