1. School of Economics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3. Institute of China’s Economic Reform & Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; 4. China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
The global water resources network is simulated in the present work for the latest target year with statistical data available and with the most detailed data disaggregation. A top-down approach of systems input-output simulation is employed to track the embodied water flows associated with economic flows for the globalized economy in 2004. The numerical simulation provides a database of embodied water intensities for all economic commodities from 4928 producers, based on which the differences between direct and indirect water using efficiencies at the global scale are discussed. The direct and embodied water uses are analyzed at continental level. Besides, the commodity demand in terms of monetary expenditure and the water demand in terms of embodied water use are compared for the world as well as for three major water using regions, i.e., India, China, and the United States. Results show that food product contributes to a significant fraction for water demand, despite the value varies significantly with respect to the economic status of region.
. Global network of embodied water flow by systems input-output simulation[J]. Frontiers of Earth Science, 0, (): 331-344.
Zhanming CHEN, Guoqian CHEN, Xiaohua XIA, Shiyun XU. Global network of embodied water flow by systems input-output simulation. Front Earth Sci, 0, (): 331-344.
Cai Z F (2010). Water Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Covered Ecological Exergy Account. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Peking University (in Chinese)
2
Chapagain A K, Hoekstra A Y (2003). Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 13. Delft: UNESCO-IHE , http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report13.pdf
3
Chen G Q, Chen Z M (2010). Carbon emissions and resources use by Chinese economy 2007: a 135-sector inventory and input-output embodiment. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul , 15(11): 3647–3732 doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.12.024
4
Chen G Q, Chen Z M (2011a). Greenhouse gas emissions and natural resources use by the world economy: ecological input-output modeling. Ecol Modell , 222(14): 2362–2376 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.11.024
5
Chen Z M (2011). Analysis of Embodied Ecological Endowment Flow for the World Economy. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree . Beijing: Peking University (in Chinese)
6
Chen Z M, Chen G Q (2011b). An overview of energy consumption of the globalized world economy. Energy Policy , 39(10): 5920–5928 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.046
7
Chen Z M, Chen G Q, Chen B (2010b). Embodied carbon dioxide emissions of the world economy: a systems input-output simulation for 2004. Procedia Environmental Sciences , 2: 1827–1840 doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.194
8
Chen Z M, Chen G Q, Zhou J B, Jiang M M, Chen B (2010a). Ecological input-output modeling for embodied resources and emissions in Chinese economy 2005. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul , 15(7): 1942–1965 doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.08.001
9
Davis S J, Caldeira K (2010). Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 107(12): 5687–5692 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906974107 pmid:20212122
10
Duarte R, Sánchez-Chóliz J, Bielsa J (2002). Water use in the Spanish economy: an input-output approach. Ecol Econ , 43(1): 71–85 doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00183-0
11
Fraiture C, Cai X, Amarasinghe U, Rosegrant M, Molden D (2004). Does International Cereal Trade Save Water? The Impact of Virtual Water Trade on Global Water Use. Comprehensive Assessment Research Report 4 . Colombo: International Water Management Institute
12
Guan D, Hubacek K (2007). Assessment of regional trade and virtual water flows in China. Ecol Econ , 61(1): 159–170 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.022
13
Hertwich E G, Peters G P (2009). Carbon footprint of nations: a global, trade-linked analysis. Environ Sci Technol , 43(16): 6414–6420 doi: 10.1021/es803496a pmid:19746745
14
Hoekstra A Y, Chapagain A K (2006). Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resour Manage , 21(1): 35–48 doi: 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x
15
Hoekstra A Y, Hung P Q (2002). Virtual Water Trade: a Quantification of Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to International Crop Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 11 . Delft: UNESCO-IHE, http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report11.pdf
16
Hoekstra A Y, Hung P Q (2005). Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Glob Environ Change , 15(1): 45–56 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.06.004
17
Hubacek K, Guan D, Barrett J, Wiedmann T (2009). Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestyle change in China: ecological and water footprints. J Clean Prod , 17(14): 1241–1248 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.011
18
Miller R E, Blair P D (2009). Input–Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. 2nd ed . New York: Cambridge University Press
19
Narayanan B G, Walmsley T L (2008). Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 7 Data Base. West Lafayette: Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University
20
Odum H T (1971). Environment, Power, and Society. New York: Wiley-Interscience
21
Odum H T (1983). Systems Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
22
Odum H T (1994). Ecological and General Systems: an Introduction to Systems Ecology. Niwot: University Press of Colorado
23
Oki T, Kanae S (2004). Virtual water trade and world water resources. Water Sci Technol , 49(7): 203–209 pmid:15195440
24
Peters G P (2007). Opportunities and challenges for environmental MRIO modelling: illustrations with the GTAP database. In: Istanbul: 16th International Input-Output Conference of the International Input-Output Association (IIOA)
25
Peters G P (2010). Carbon footprints and embodied carbon at multiple scales. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , 2(4): 245–250 doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.05.004
26
Velázquez E (2006). An input-output model of water consumption: analysing intersectoral water relationships in Andalusia. Ecol Econ , 56(2): 226–240 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.09.026
27
Wiedmann T (2009). A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting. Ecol Econ , 69(2): 211–222 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.026
28
Wiedmann T, Lenzen M, Turner K, Barrett J (2007). Examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities—part 2: review of input-output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade. Ecol Econ , 61(1): 15–26 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.003
29
World Bank (2011). World Development Indicator. The World Bank Group , http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog
30
Yang H, Wang L, Abbaspour K C, Zehnder A J B (2006). Virtual water trade: an assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci , 10(3): 443–454 doi: 10.5194/hess-10-443-2006
31
Yu Y, Hubacek K, Feng K, Guan D (2010). Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK. Ecol Econ , 69(5): 1140–1147 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.008
32
Zhao X, Chen B, Yang Z F (2009). National water footprint in an input-output framework–a case study of China 2002. Ecol Modell , 220(2): 245–253 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.09.016
33
Zhao X, Yang H, Yang Z F, Chen B, Qin Y (2010). Applying the input-output method to account for water footprint and virtual water trade in the Haihe River basin in China. Environ Sci Technol , 44(23): 9150–9156 doi: 10.1021/es100886r pmid:20945890
34
Zhou S Y, Chen H, Li S C (2010). Resources use and greenhouse gas emissions in urban economy: ecological input-output modeling for Beijing 2002. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul , 15(10): 3201–3231 doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.11.026
