An important and practical pattern of industrial symbiosis is rapidly developing: eco-industrial parks. In this study, we used social network analysis to study the network connectedness (i.e., the proportion of the theoretical number of connections that had been achieved) and related attributes of these hybrid ecological and industrial symbiotic systems. This approach provided insights into details of the network’s interior and analyzed the overall degree of connectedness and the relationships among the nodes within the network. We then characterized the structural attributes of the network and sub-network nodes at two levels (core and periphery), thereby providing insights into the operational problems within each eco-industrial park. We chose ten typical eco-industrial parks in China and around the world and compared the degree of network connectedness of these systems that resulted from exchanges of products, by-products, and wastes. By analyzing the density and nodal degree, we determined the relative power and status of the nodes in these networks, as well as other structural attributes such as the core-periphery structure and the degree of sub-network connectedness. The results reveal the operational problems created by the structure of the industrial networks and provide a basis for improving the degree of completeness, thereby increasing their potential for sustainable development and enriching the methods available for the study of industrial symbiosis.
. Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study[J]. Frontiers of Earth Science, 0, (): 169-181.
Yan ZHANG, Hongmei ZHENG, Bin CHEN, Naijin YANG. Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study. Front Earth Sci, 0, (): 169-181.
1, paper producing industry 3; 2, pressboard plant; 3, paper producing industry 4; 4, scrap material dealer; 5, wastewater treatment plant; 6, mining company; 7, paper producing industry 1; 8, wastepaper dealer; 9, textile plant 1; 10, textile plant 2; 11, chemical plant; 12, saw mill; 13, paper producing industry 6; 14, iron scrap dealer; 15, construction materials plant 1; 16, power plant 1; 17, region of Voitsberg; 18, stone and ceramic industry 2; 19, cement plant 6; 20, construction materials plant 2; 21, cement plant 3; 22, region of Graz; 23, power plant 2; 24, cement plant 4; 25, iron manufacturing industry; 26, used tire dealers; 27, paper producing industry 5; 28, plastics plant; 29, color industry; 30, paper producing industry 2; 31, stone and ceramic plant 1; 32, used oil dealer 3; 33, used oil dealer 2; 34, used oil dealer 1; 35, fuel producer; 36, cement plant 2; 37, cement plant 1; 38, cement plant 5.
Ashton W (2008). Understanding the organization of industrial ecosystems.J Ind Ecol , 12(1): 34–51 doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00002.x
2
Baas L W, Boons F (2004). An industrial ecology project in practice: exploring the boundaries of decision-making levels in regional industrial systems.J Clean Prod , 12(8-10): 1073–1085 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.005
3
BADZ(2007). An integrated complex: Shanghai Wujing chemical zone. Beijing Association of Development Zones . Available at: www.bdza.cn/BDZAPortal/Middle.do?act=show&cid=112&mid=116&id=00000414 (in Chinese) (Accessed in June2012).
4
Chertow M (2000). Industrial symbiosis: literature and taxonomy.Annu Rev Energy Environ , 25(1): 313–337 doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.313
5
Chertow M R, Lombardi D R (2005). Quantifying economic and environmental benefits of co-located firms.Environ Sci Technol , 39(17): 6535–6541 doi: 10.1021/es050050+ pmid:16190209
6
Dai T J, Lu Z (2006). Two indicators for the assessment of eco-industrial parks.China Environ Sci , 26: 632–636 (in Chinese)
7
Doménech T, Davies M (2009). The social aspects of industrial symbiosis: The application of social network analysis to industrial symbiosis networks.Prog Ind Ecol Internat J , 6(1): 68–99 doi: 10.1504/PIE.2009.026583
8
Doménech T, Davies M (2011a). Structure and morphology of industrial symbiosis networks: the case of Kalundborg.Procedia Soc Behav Sci , 10: 79–89 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.01.011
9
Doménech T, Davies M (2011b). The role of embeddedness in industrial symbiosis networks: phases in the evolution of industrial symbiosis networks.Bus Strategy Environ , 20(5): 281–296 doi: 10.1002/bse.695
10
Ehrenfeld J, Gertler N (1997). Industrial ecology in practice: the evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg.J Ind Ecol , 1(1): 67–79 doi: 10.1162/jiec.1997.1.1.67
11
Graedel T, Allenby B R(1995). Industrial Ecology. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall.
12
Harper E, Graedel T (2004). Industrial ecology: a teenager’s progress.Technol Soc , 26(2-3): 433–445 doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.013
13
Heeres R R, Vermeulen W J V, deWalle F B (2004). Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons.J Clean Prod , 12(8-10): 985–995 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.014
14
Howard-Grenville J A, Paquin R(2006). Facilitated industrial symbiosis: network forms and evolution in NISP.In: Lombardi D R, Laybourn P,eds Industrial Symbiosis in Action (Report on the Third International Industrial Symbiosis Research Symposium). Birmingham, England. YaleSchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies. New Haven
15
Jacobsen N B (2006). Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark: a quantitative assessment of economic and environmental aspects.J Ind Ecol , 10(1-2): 239–255 doi: 10.1162/108819806775545411
16
Korhonen J (2004). Industrial ecology in the strategic sustainable development model: strategic applications of industrial ecology. J Clean Prod , 12(8-10): 809–823 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.026
17
Liu J(2004). Introductory Theory of Social Network Analysis. Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press(in Chinese).
18
Liu J Y, Qiao Q(2009). Calculating methods of connectedness of industries in eco-industrial parks.In: Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, ed., Proceedings 2009 China Environmental Science Society Annual Meeting, Wuhan . Beijing:Beihang University Press
19
Lowe E(2001). Eco-Industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries. A Report to the Asian Development Bank, Environment Department. Indigo Development, Oakland, CA .
20
Lowe E A, Evans L (1995). Industrial ecology and industrial ecosystems.J Clean Prod , 3(1-2): 47–53 doi: 10.1016/0959-6526(95)00045-G
21
Martin S A, Weitz A, Cushman R, Sharma A, Lindrooth R C, Moran S R(1996). Eco-Industrial Parks: a Case Study and Analysis of Economic, Environmental, Technical, and Regulatory Issues. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC. Project Number 6050 FR
22
Mayhew B H, Levinger R (1976). Size and the density of interaction in human aggregates.Am J Sociol , 82(1): 86–110 doi: 10.1086/226271
23
Mihelcic J R, Zimmerman J B(2010). Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design. New York:John Wiley & Sons,.
24
Mirata M, Emtairah T (2005). Industrial symbiosis networks and the contribution to environmental innovation: the case of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme.J Clean Prod , 13(10-11): 993–1002 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.010
25
Moreno J L, Jennings H H (1938). Statistics of social configurations.Sociometry , 1(3/4): 342–374 doi: 10.2307/2785588
26
Office for International Environmental Cooperation Environmental Bureau (2004). Sustainable Management Activities in Kitakyushu Eco-Town. Available at: http://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/neac/neac13/session3/295-303.pdf (Accessed in June2012).
27
Park H S, Rene E R, Choi S M, Chiu A S (2008). Strategies for sustainable development of industrial park in Ulsan, South Korea—from spontaneous evolution to systematic expansion of industrial symbiosis. J Environ Manage , 87(1): 1–13 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.045 pmid:17337322
28
Potts Carr A J(1998). Choctaweco-industrial park: an ecological approach to industrial land-use planning and design.Landsc Urban Plan , 42(2-4): 239–257 doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00090-5
29
Qu S, Wang J, Li B (2007). Symbiotic network assessment of eco-industrial parks based on connectedness analysis.Sci Policy Manage , 10: 36–40 (in Chinese)
30
Schwarz E J, Steininger K W (1997). Implementing nature’s lesson: the industrial recycling network enhancing regional development.J Clean Prod , 5(1-2): 47–56 doi: 10.1016/S0959-6526(97)00009-7
31
Scott J(2000). Social Network Analysis: a Handbook. London:.Sage Publications
32
Shi H, Chertow M, Song Y Y (2010). Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China.J Clean Prod , 18(3): 191–199 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.002
33
Sokka L, Melanen M, Nissinen A (2008). How can the sustainability of industrial symbioses be measured? Progr. Ind. Ecol. Internat. J. , 5(5/6): 518–535 doi: 10.1504/PIE.2008.023414
34
Song Y M(2006). Network complexity study of industrial symbiotic system. Master’s thesis, School of Environment, TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing .
35
van Beers D, Bossilkov A, Corder G, van Berkel R (2007). Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industries: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone.J Ind Ecol , 11(1): 55–72 doi: 10.1162/jiec.2007.1161
36
Berkel R V, Fujita T, Hashimoto S, Fujii M (2009). Quantitative assessment of urban and industrial symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan. Environ Sci Technol , 43(5): 1271–1281 doi: 10.1021/es803319r pmid:19350890
37
Wang R X(2005). Study on the programming of the national Huangxing eco-industrial park in Changsha City. Dissertation for Ph.D. Degree. NortheastNormalUniversity, Shenyang, China (in Chinese).
38
Wu Y P, Duan N, Qiao Q, Liu J Y (2004). Study on industrial symbiosis chain and net structure of the all new type ecosystem industrial parks.China Pop Res Environ. , 14(2): 125–130 (in Chinese)
39
Yang L, Hu S Y, Liang R Z, Chen D J, Fang X, Li Y R, Shen J Z, Feng J T, Kong L Q (2004). The Lubei eco-industrial model of China.Chin J Proc Eng , 4(5): 467–474 (in Chinese)
40
Zheng J, Wang S, Cao J(2009). Evolution study of structural characteristics on Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Network. In: Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences,ed. Proceedings 2009 China Environmental Science Society Annual Meeting, 27-30 June, Wuhan . Beijing:Beihang University Press
41
Zhong G, Cao J, Cao L, Wang S(2010). Quantitative analysis of industrial symbiotic network’s structure. In: Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, ed. Proceedings 2010 China Environmental Science Society Annual Meeting, 5-7 May, Shanghai . Beijing:China Environmental Science Press
42
Zhu Q E, Lowe E A, Wei Y, Barnes D (2007). Industrial symbiosis in China: a case study of the Guitang Group.J Ind Ecol , 11(1): 31–42 doi: 10.1162/jiec.2007.929
