1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China 2. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3. Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
Reclaimed water is efficient for replenishing the dry rivers in northern China, but regional groundwater may be at risk from pollution. Therefore, samples of reclaimed water, river water, and groundwater were collected at the Huai River in the Chaobai River basin in 2010. The water chemistry and isotopic compositions of the samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The reclaimed water had stable compositions of water chemistry and isotopes, and the Na·Ca-HCO3·Cl water type. The water chemistry of the river water was consistent with that of the reclaimed water. A June peak of total nitrogen was the prominent characteristic in the shallow groundwater, which also had the Na·Ca-HCO3·Cl water type. However, the water chemistry and isotopes in most of the deep groundwater remained stable, and the water type was Ca·Mg-HCO3. The amount of reclaimed water recharging the groundwater was about 2.5 × 107 m3/yr. All of the shallow groundwater was impacted by the reclaimed water, with the mixing proportion of reclaimed water ranging from 42% to 80 % in the dry season and from 20% to 86% in the wet season. Only one deep well, with proportions of 67% (dry season) and 28% (wet season), was impacted. TDS, EC, and major ions (Na, K, Cl, NH4-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N) were increased in the impacted wells.
. [J]. Frontiers of Earth Science, 2017, 11(4): 643-659.
Yilei YU, Xianfang SONG, Yinghua ZHANG, Fandong ZHENG, Licai LIU. Impact of reclaimed water in the watercourse of Huai River on groundwater from Chaobai River basin, Northern China. Front. Earth Sci., 2017, 11(4): 643-659.
O A E Abdalla (2009). Groundwater recharge/discharge in semi-arid regions interpreted from isotope and chloride concentrations in north White Nile Rift, Sudan. Hydrogeol J, 17(3): 679–692 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0388-9
O Al-Lahham, N M El Assi , M Fayyad (2003). Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit. Agric Water Manage, 61(1): 51–62 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00173-7
C A J Appelo , D Postma (2005). Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution (2nd Edition). Great Britain: A.A. Balkema Publishers
7
T Asano, J A Cotruvo (2004). Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater: health and regulatory considerations. Water Res, 38(8): 1941–1951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.023
8
P Bastos, D Mara (1995). The bacterial quality of salad crops drip ans furrow irrigated with waste stabilization pond effluent: an evaluation of the WHO guidelines. Water Sci Technol, 31(12): 425–429 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(95)00529-V
9
D Bixio , C Thoeye , J De Koning , D Joksimovic , D Savic , T Wintgens , T Melin (2006). Wastewater reuse in Europe. Desalination, 187(1−3): 89–101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.070
10
M H Cox, G W Su, J Constantz (2007). Heat, chloride, and specific conductance as ground water tracers near streams. Ground Water, 45(2): 187–195 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00276.x
11
S Dolnicar, A Hurlimann, B Grun (2011). What affects public acceptance of recycled and desalinated water? Water Res, 45(2): 933–943 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.030
12
P L du Pisani (2006). Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek’s Goreangab reclamation plant. Desalination, 188(1−3): 79–88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.104
13
Q Fan , W Liu , Z Jiao , F Sun (2015). Beijing Water Resources Bulletin. Beijing: Beijing Hydrological Station
14
J W A Foppen (2002). Impact of high-strength wastewater infiltration on groundwater quality and drinking water supply the case of Sana'a, Yemen. J Hydrol (Amst), 263(1−4): 198–216 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00051-3
15
I B Goni (2006). Tracing stable isotope values from meteoric water to groundwater in the southwestern part of the Chad basin. Hydrogeol J, 14(5): 742–752 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0469-y
16
R J Hunt, T B Coplen, N L Haas, D A Saad, M A Borchardt (2005). Investigating surface water–well interaction using stable isotope ratios of water. J Hydrol (Amst), 302(1−4): 154–172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.010
17
D Kaown, Y Hyun, G O Bae, C W Oh, K K Lee (2012). Evaluation of spatio-temporal trends of groundwater quality in different land uses using Kendall test. Geosciences Journal, 16(1): 65–75 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-012-0009-4
18
C Kohfahl, M Rodriguez, C Fenk, C Menz, J Benavente, H Hubberten, H Meyer, L Paul, A Knappe, J A Lo’pez-Geta, A Pekdeger (2008). Characterising flow regime and interrelation between surface-water and ground-water in the Fuente de Piedra salt lake basin by means of stable isotopes, hydrogeochemical and hydraulic data. J Hydrol (Amst), 351(1−2): 170–187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.008
19
AV Krusche, F P D Garvaiho, J M D Moraes, P B de Camargo, M V R Ballester, S Hornink, L A, Martinelli R L Victoria, (1997). Spatial and temporal water quality variability in the piracicaba river basin, Brazil. 33(5): 1117–1123
20
Y Li, J Wei, Y Zhang (2009). Development of management information system for the emergency well–field, Huairou District of Beijing. City Geology, 4(1): 34–38 (in Chinese)
J P Murray, J V Rouse, A B Carpenter (1981). Groundwater contamination by sanitary landfill leachate and domestic wastewater in carbonate terrain Principal source diagnosis chemical transport. Water Res, 15(6): 745–757 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90168-8
23
P Rodgers, C Soulsby, J Petry, I Malcolm, C Gibbins, S Dunn (2004). Groundwater–surface-water interactions in a braided river: a tracer-based assessment. Hydrol Processes, 18(7): 1315–1332 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1404
24
K Promma, C Zheng, P Asnachinda (2007). Groundwater and surface-water interactions in a confined alluvial aquifer between two rivers: effects of groundwater flow dynamics on high iron anomaly. Hydrogeol J, 15(3): 495–513 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0110-8
25
M Rabiet, F Brissaud, J L Seidel, S Pistre, F Elbaz-Poulichet (2005). Deciphering the presence of wastewater in a medium-sized Mediterranean catchment using a multitracer approach. Appl Geochem, 20(8): 1587–1596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.005
26
A S Reeve (2002). The migration of a sodium bromide tracer in a large Maine peatland. GSA Abstracts with Programs, 34(6): 420
27
Y Rong (2000). Statistical methods and pitfalls in environmental data analysis. Environmental Forensics, 1(4): 213–220 https://doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2000.0022
28
K P Singh, A Malik, S Sinha (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—A case study. Anal Chim Acta, 538(1−2): 355–374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
29
K P Singh, A Malik, D Mohan, S Sinha (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—A case study. Water Res, 38(18): 3980–3992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.011
30
C Soulsby , D Tetzlaff , N van den Bedem , I A Malcolm , P J Bacon , A F Youngson (2007). Inferring groundwater influences on surface water in montane catchments from hydrochemical surveys of springs and streamwaters. J Hydrol (Amst), 333(2−4): 199–213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.08.016
31
A E Taigbenu, M Ncube (2005). Reclaimed water as an alternative source of water for the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth Parts ABC, 30(11−16): 762–766 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.017
J H Tellam (1995). Hydrochemistry of the saline groundwaters of the lower Mersey Basin Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifer, UK. J Hydrol (Amst), 165(1−4): 45–84 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02583-W
34
J T Trommer, D K Yobb, W S McBride (2009) Surface-Water and Groundwater Interactions along the Withlacoochee River, West-Central Florida. United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 1–47
A Vengosh, I Pankratov (1998). Chloride/bromide and chloride/fluoride ratios of domestic sewage effluents and associated contaminated ground water. Ground Water, 36(5): 815–824 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02200.x
37
B W Webb, P D Clack, D E Walling (2003). Water-air temperature relationships in a Devon river system and the role of flow. Hydrol Processes, 17(15): 3069–3084 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1280
38
Z Xie, Z Zhang, G Xing, M Xu, F Zhang (2009). Analysis of the groundwater-supply security about the representative cities in North China Plain. Resources Science, 31(3): 400–405 (in Chinese)
39
F m Yang, K b He, Y Lei, Y l Ma (2004). Chemical characters of atmospheric precipitation in Beijing in years of 2001–2003. China Environ Sci, 24(5): 538–541
