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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

邮发代号 80-973

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering  2016, Vol. 10 Issue (1): 73-84   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0743-0
  本期目录
Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing, China
Hengyi DUAN,Xiaotu LIU,Meilin YAN,Yatao WU,Zhaorong LIU()
Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
 全文: PDF(789 KB)   HTML
Abstract：

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m−3, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m−3), toluene (14.4 μg·m−3), propane (11.2 μg·m−3), ethene (8.40 μg·m−3), n-butane (6.87 μg·m−3), and benzene (5.95 μg·m−3) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.
Key words： indoor air    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)    residence    carbonyl compounds
收稿日期: 2013-12-30      出版日期: 2015-12-03
Corresponding Author(s): Zhaorong LIU   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(1): 73-84.
Hengyi DUAN,Xiaotu LIU,Meilin YAN,Yatao WU,Zhaorong LIU. Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing, China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(1): 73-84.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/10.1007/s11783-014-0743-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/Y2016/V10/I1/73
Fig.1  
condition n percentage ?condition n percentage
Area ?flooring
?4th ring road 27 53 ??tile 7 14
?5th ring road 24 47 ??wooden floor 17 33
construction age ??composite wooden floor 25 49
?<4 a 15 30 ??others 2 4
?6–14 a 19 37 ?wall coating
?≥15 a 17 33 ??water-based paint 28 55
last decoration ??oil paint 18 35
?≤4 a 21 41 ??others 5 10
?6~10a 14 28 ?smoking
?≥10 a 16 31 ??no 46 90
distance form traffic ??yes 5 10
?≤50 m 13 25 ?fuel consumption
?50–200 m 27 53 ??≤￥50 17 33
?≥200 m 11 22 ??￥50–100 27 53
??≥￥100 7 14
Tab.1  
compounds indoor(n = 100) outdoor(n = 22) ?compounds indoor(n = 100) outdoor(n = 22)
avea)±sd medb) ave±sd medb avea)±sd medb) ave±sd med
carbonyls ?alkenes
?formaldehyde 40.2±26.2 32.1 9.11±3.62 8.22 ??ethene 12.0±15.0 8.40 7.74±5.24 5.64
?acetaldehyde 17.0±10.3 15.3 5.82±1.81 5.52 ??propene 5.99±5.48 4.67 3.82±2.21 3.21
?acetone 23.6±10.7 21.7 10.6±4.92 9.04 ??1-butene 1.11±1.15 0.81 0.9±0.73 0.58
?propionaldehyde 2.73±1.53 2.45 1.70±1.19 1.25 ??isoprene 4.16±4.12 3.38 0.53±0.43 0.47
?butyraldehyde 3.73±2.01 3.31 2.28±0.87 2.00 ??halohydrocarbon
?benzaldehyde 1.30±0.90 1.05 0.66±0.49 0.76 ??cfc12 3.25±1.90 3.04 3.11±0.35 3.13
?valeraldehyde 2.76±2.24 2.15 0.82±1.64 0.34 ??cfc22 4.14±3.95 3.59 3.92±1.65 4.00
?m/o-tolualdehyde 0.98±0.62 0.81 0.37±0.28 0.31 ?chloromethane 2.64±1.07 2.51 2.13±0.54 2.12
?hexaldehyde 8.80±6.32 6.90 0.87±0.50 0.86 ??cfc11 4.09±7.13 2.18 2.09±0.49 2.04
?2,5-dbf 1.43±1.05 1.34 0.96±0.70 1.04 ??dcm 12.5±78.5 4.05 3.6±1.68 3.29
?alkanes ??chloroform 1.15±1.41 0.85 0.84±0.67 0.63
?ethane 30.9±43.5 17.6 7.1±3.96 5.53 ??1,2-dce 2.49±1.79 2.27 1.79±0.86 1.74
?propane 16.0±16.7 11.2 7.26±3.17 7.16 ??1,2-dcp 2.06±1.33 1.94 2.19±1.36 1.92
?i-butane 8.41±9.49 5.94 4.64±2.28 4.23 ??p-dcb 23.7±60.5 4.97 1.53±1.43 1.10
?n-butane 8.79±7.67 6.87 5.02±2.38 4.64 ??aromatics
?i-pentane 7.79±8.56 5.71 4.29±2.53 4.01 ??benzene 7.35±11.6 5.95 5.87±2.9 5.91
?n-pentane 3.79±3.92 2.94 2.38±1.19 2.29 ??toluene 23.5±45.6 14.4 11.2±7.55 10.3
?2-methylpentane 2.00±2.08 1.58 1.66±1.24 1.48 ?ethylbenzene 3.68±2.49 3.39 3.41±2.12 3.21
?cyclopentane 1.13±2.89 0.61 0.29±0.18 0.26 ??m/p-xylene 6.33±4.41 5.64 5.89±4.12 5.35
?3-methylpentane 1.36±1.18 1.17 1.16±1.14 0.91 ??o-xylene 2.32±1.57 2.17 2.08±1.46 1.95
?n-hexane 4.58±15.8 1.94 1.85±1.32 1.61 ??styrene 1.85±2.13 1.19 0.83±0.6 0.75
?mcp 1.15±0.86 0.98 1.02±0.65 0.93 ??1,2,4-tmb 1.99±2.10 1.32 1.59±1.58 1.03
?n-octane 1.39±3.22 0.81 0.61±0.43 0.57
?n-decane 1.14±1.37 0.73 0.76±0.54 0.50
Tab.2  
location formaldehyde acetaldehyde methodc) references
New York, USA (summer) 19 11 active sampling [26]
New York, USA(winter) 12 14
Shimizu, Japan (summer) 18.7a) 9.4a) passive sampling [11]
Shimizu, Japan (winter) 12.4a) 16.7a)
Hangzhou, China(summer) 101.5a) 31.4a) active sampling [27]
Hangzhou, China(winter) 20.3 9.4
Guangzhou, China(summer) 53. 5b) 17.8b) active sampling [28]
Guangzhou, China(winter) 38.0b) 11.5b)
Beijing, China(heating) 22.1b) 17.2b) active sampling [29]
Beijing, China(non-heating) 47.6 17.3 passive sampling this study
Beijing, China(heating) 29.0 13.4
Tab.3  
location benzene toluene m/p-xylene o-xylene p-DCB references
Michigan, USA 1.2 6.8 3.3 1.1 0.2 [10]
Shimizu, Japan (summer) 1.0a) 11.5a) 3.4a) 1.1a) 41.2a) [11]
Shimizu, Japan (winter) 2.7a) 25.9a) 8.9a) 3.4a) 42.8a) [11]
Birmingham, Britain 9.2 34.8 6.1 1.6 - [30]
Ottawa, Canada 2.15 5.53 3.59 1.22 - [9]
Hong Kong, China - 4.4 2.1 - 5.4 [31]
Tianjin, China 6.13b) 7.47b) 1.55b) 0.47b) - [32]
Beijing, China(heating) 9.2b) 33.3b) 13.7b) [29]
Beijing, China(non-heating) 5.69 11.7 4.77 1.73 3.28 this study
Beijing, China(heating) 6.42 16.8 6.7 2.49 8.17 this study
Tab.4  
Fig.2  
Fig.3  
Fig.4  
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