Recovery of rare and precious metals from urban mines—A review
Mengmeng Wang1, Quanyin Tan1, Joseph F. Chiang2(), Jinhui Li1()
1. Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, State University of New York College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
Distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines are summarized.
Conventional and emerging RPM recycling technologies are reviewed systematically.
Advantages and shortcomings of various technologies are discussed and highlighted.
Urban mining is essential for continued natural resource extraction. The recovery of rare and precious metals (RPMs) from urban mines has attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial sectors, because of the broad application and high price of RPMs, and their low content in natural ores. This study summarizes the distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines, and the advantages and shortcomings of various technologies for RPM recovery from urban mines, including both conventional (pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical processing), and emerging (electrochemical, supercritical fluid, mechanochemical, and ionic liquids processing) technologies. Mechanical/physical technologies are commonly employed to separate RPMs from nonmetallic components in a pre-treatment process. A pyrometallurgical process is often used for RPM recovery, although the expensive equipment required has limited its use in small and medium-sized enterprises. Hydrometallurgical processing is effective and easy to operate, with high selectivity of target metals and high recovery efficiency of RPMs, compared to pyrometallurgy. Biometallurgy, though, has shown the most promise for leaching RPMs from urban mines, because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. Newly developed technologies—electrochemical, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and mechanochemical—have offered new choices and achieved some success in laboratory experiments, especially as efficient and environmentally friendly methods of recycling RPMs. With continuing advances in science and technology, more technologies will no doubt be developed in this field, and be able to contribute to the sustainability of RPM mining.
electrical and electronic products, pharmaceuticals, HDS catalysts
19.4 million
W
1×10-3
–
cemented carbide, chemical catalysts
3.3 million
V
1.8
1–12
steel industry, aviation, HDS catalysts
63 million
Tab.3
Fig.1
e-waste
RPMs weight /ppm
Au
Ag
Pd
In
TV board scrap
20
280
10
0
PCB scrap
250
1000
110
0
mobile phone scrap
30
2000
1700
1102
laptop PCs
32
190
19
140
CRTs
46
207
18.4
0
LCD panels
60
300
25
40
Tab.4
Fig.2
Fig.3
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