1. Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA 2. Primus Green Energy, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, USA 3. Oil & Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China
• Catalytic reduction technology for water treatment was reviewed.
• Hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment was covered.
• Hydrogenation of nitrate for groundwater remediation was introduced.
• Combination of water splitting with catalytic reduction was illustrated.
Treating water contaminants via heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction is a subject of growing interest due to its good activity and superior selectivity compared to conventional technology, yielding products that are non-toxic or substantially less toxic. This article reviews the application of catalytic reduction as a progressive approach to treat different types of contaminants in water, which covers hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment and hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite for groundwater remediation. For hydrodehalogenation, an overview of the existing treatment technologies is provided with an assessment of the advantages of catalytic reduction over the conventional methodologies. Catalyst design for feasible catalytic reactions is considered with a critical analysis of the pertinent literature. For hydrogenation, hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite contaminants in water is mainly focused. Several important nitrate reduction catalysts are discussed relating to their preparation method and catalytic performance. In addition, novel approach of catalytic reduction using in situ synthesized H2 evolved from water splitting reaction is illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the extensive application of catalytic reduction technology in water treatment are discussed. This review provides key information to our community to apply catalytic reduction approach for water treatment.
Niu J, Yin L, Dai Y, Bao Y, Crittenden J C. Design of visible light responsive photocatalysts for selective reduction of chlorinated organic compounds in water. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2016, 521: 90–95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.11.018
7
Arena F, Di Chio R, Gumina B, Spadaro L, Trunfio G. Recent advances on wet air oxidation catalysts for treatment of industrial wastewaters. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2015, 431: 101–109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2014.12.017
Wang Y, Wang K, Wang X. Preparation of Ag3PO4/Ni3(PO4)2 hetero-composites by cation exchange reaction and its enhancing photocatalytic performance. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2016, 466: 178–185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.021
pmid: 26722799
9
Li X, Shi H, Li K, Zhang L. Combined process of biofiltration and ozone oxidation as an advanced treatment process for wastewater reuse. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(6): 1076–1083 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0770-5
10
Chaplin B P, Reinhard M, Schneider W F, Schüth C, Shapley J R, Strathmann T J, Werth C J. Critical review of Pd-based catalytic treatment of priority contaminants in water. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(7): 3655–3670 https://doi.org/10.1021/es204087q
pmid: 22369144
2
Hu M, Zhong S. The structure of TiO2/hydroxyapatite and its photocatalytic performance in degradation of aldehyde. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2006, 27(12): 1144–1148 (in Chinese)
11
Zhang Y, He Z, Wang H, Qi L, Liu G, Zhang X. Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(5): 770–783 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0
12
Wang J, Bai Z. Fe-based catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of emerging contaminants in water and wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 312: 79–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.118
13
Wang J, Wang G, Yang C, Yang S, Huang Q. Catalytic ozonation of organic compounds in water over the catalyst of RuO2/ZrO2-CeO2. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(4): 615–624 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0706-5
14
Khamparia S, Jaspal D K. Adsorption in combination with ozonation for the treatment of textile waste water: a critical review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(1): 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0899-5
15
Chen Y, Xiao F, Liu Y, Wang D, Yang M, Bai H, Zhang J. Occurance and control of manganese in a large scale water treatment plant. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(1): 66–72 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0637-1
16
Ma L. Catalytic Reduction of Wastewater Technology-Mechanism and Application. Beijing: Science Press, 2008 (in Chinese)
17
Zhu H, Xu F, Zhao J, Jia L, Wu K. Catalytic hydrodechlorination of monochloroacetic acid in wastewater using Ni-Fe bimetal prepared by ball milling. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2015, 22(18): 14299–14306 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4675-4
pmid: 25976331
18
Li J, He H, Hu C, Zhao J. The abatement of major pollutants in air and water by environmental catalysis. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(3): 302–325 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0511-6
19
Choe J K, Bergquist A M, Jeong S, Guest J S, Werth C J, Strathmann T J. Performance and life cycle environmental benefits of recycling spent ion exchange brines by catalytic treatment of nitrate. Water Research, 2015, 80: 267–280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.007
pmid: 26005787
Chu X, Shan G, Chang C, Fu Y, Yue L, Zhu L. Effective degradation of tetracycline by mesoporous Bi2WO6 under visible light irradiation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(2): 211–218 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0753-y
22
Zhang X, Yue Q, Yue D, Gao B, Wang X. Application of Fe0/C/Clay ceramics for decoloration of synthetic Acid Red 73 and Reactive Blue 4 wastewater by micro-electrolysis. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(3): 402–410 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0659-8
23
Matatov-Meytal Y I, Sheintuch M. Catalytic abatement of water pollutants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998, 37(2): 309–326 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9702439
24
Barrabés N, Sá J. Catalytic nitrate removal from water, past, present and future perspectives. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 104(1–2): 1–5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.03.011
25
Martin E T, McGuire C M, Mubarak M S, Peters D G. Electroreductive remediation of halogenated environmental pollutants. Chemical Reviews, 2016, 116(24): 15198–15234 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00531
pmid: 27976587
26
Yuan Y, Tao H, Fan J, Ma L. Degradation of p-chloroaniline by persulfate activated with ferrous sulfide ore particles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 268: 38–46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.092
Han Y, Yang M, Zhang W, Yan W. Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(5): 813–822 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0784-z
29
Xiao J, Xie Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Guo Z, Chen Y. Towards effective design of active nanocarbon materials for integrating visible-light photocatalysis with ozonation. Carbon, 2016, 107: 658–666 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.06.066
30
Díaz E, McCall A, Faba L, Sastre H, Ordõñez S. Trichloroethylene hydrodechlorination in water using formic acid as hydrogen source: selection of catalyst and operation conditions. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2013, 32(4): 1217–1222 https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11730
31
Diaz E, Mohedano A F, Casas J A, Rodriguez J J. Analysis of the deactivation of Pd, Pt and Rh on activated carbon catalysts in the hydrodechlorination of the MCPA herbicide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 181: 429–435 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.08.008
32
Jadbabaei N, Ye T, Shuai D, Zhang H. Development of palladium-resin composites for catalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 205: 576–586 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.068
33
Palomares A E, Franch C, Yuranova T, Kiwi-Minsker L, García-Bordeje E, Derrouiche S. The use of Pd catalysts on carbon-based structured materials for the catalytic hydrogenation of bromates in different types of water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 146: 186–191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.056
34
Hildebrand H, Mackenzie K, Kopinke F D. Highly active Pd-on-magnetite nanocatalysts for aqueous phase hydrodechlorination reactions. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(9): 3254–3259 https://doi.org/10.1021/es802726v
pmid: 19534143
35
Wu D, Shao B, Feng Y, Ma L. Effects of Cu2+, Ag+, and Pd2+ on the reductive debromination of 2,5-dibromoaniline by the ferrous hydroxy complex. Environmental Technology, 2015, 36(7): 901–908 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.966766
pmid: 25231458
36
Li L, Gong L, Wang Y X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Mu Y, Yu H Q. Removal of halogenated emerging contaminants from water by nitrogen-doped graphene decorated with palladium nanoparticles: Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis. Water Research, 2016, 98: 235–241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.024
pmid: 27107141
37
Witońska I A, Walock M J, Binczarski M, Lesiak M, Stanishevsky A V, Karski S. Pd–Fe/SiO2 and Pd–Fe/Al2O3 catalysts for selective hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol into phenol. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 2014, 393: 248–256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.06.022
38
Zhou Y, Kuang Y, Li W, Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R. A combination of bentonite-supported bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles and biodegradation for the remediation of p-chlorophenol in wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 223: 68–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.118
39
Han Y, Liu C, Horita J, Yan W. Trichloroethene hydrodechlorination by Pd-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: Solute-induced catalyst deactivation analyzed by carbon isotope fractionation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 188: 77–86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.01.047
40
Xiao J, Xie Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Zhao Z. g-C3N4-triggered super synergy between photocatalysis and ozonation attributed to promoted OH generation. Catalysis Communications, 2015, 66: 10–14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2015.03.004
41
Xu F, Deng S, Xu J, Zhang W, Wu M, Wang B, Huang J, Yu G. Highly active and stable Ni-Fe bimetal prepared by ball milling for catalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(8): 4576–4582 https://doi.org/10.1021/es203876e
pmid: 22435541
Cobo M, González C A, Sánchez E G, Montes C. Catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene with 2-propanol over Pd/Al2O3. Catalysis Today, 2011, 172(1): 78–83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.02.064
44
He F, Zhao D. Hydrodechlorination of trichloroethene using stabilized Fe-Pd nanoparticles: reaction mechanism and effects of stabilizers, catalysts and reaction conditions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2008, 84(3–4): 533–540 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.05.008
45
Wu K, Zheng M, Han Y, Xu Z, Zheng S. Liquid phase catalytic hydrodebromination of tetrabromobisphenol A on supported Pd catalysts. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 376: 113–120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.101
46
Hu M, Yao Z, Hui K N, Hui K S. Novel mechanistic view of catalytic ozonation of gaseous toluene by dual-site kinetic modelling. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 308: 710–718 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.086
47
Hu M, Hui K S, Hui K N. Role of graphene in MnO2/graphene composite for catalytic ozonation of gaseous toluene. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 254: 237–244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.099
48
Hu M, Yao Z, Wang X. Graphene-based nanomaterials for catalysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(13): 3477–3502 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b05048
49
Wang X, Zhu M, Liu H, Ma J, Li F. Modification of Pd-Fe nanoparticles for catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 449: 157–167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.008
pmid: 23425792
50
Trujillo-Reyes J, Peralta-Videa J R, Gardea-Torresdey J L. Supported and unsupported nanomaterials for water and soil remediation: are they a useful solution for worldwide pollution? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 280: 487–503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.029
pmid: 25203809
51
Luo S, Yang S, Wang X, Sun C. Reductive degradation of tetrabromobisphenol using iron-silver and iron-nickel bimetallic nanoparticles with microwave energy. Environmental Engineering Science, 2012, 29(6): 453–460 https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2010.0376
pmid: 22693414
52
Huang B, Qian W, Yu C, Wang T, Zeng G, Lei C. Effective catalytic hydrodechlorination of o-, p- and m-chloronitrobenzene over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effects of experimental parameter and molecule structure on the reduction kinetics and mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 306: 607–618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.109
53
Li A, Zhao X, Hou Y, Liu H, Wu L, Qu J. The electrocatalytic dechlorination of chloroacetic acids at electrodeposited Pd/Fe-modified carbon paper electrode. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2012, 111–112: 628–635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.11.016
54
Esclapez M D, Tudela I, Díez-García M I, Sáez V, Rehorek A, Bonete P, González-García J. Towards the complete dechlorination of chloroacetic acids in water by sonoelectrochemical methods: Effect of the anodic material on the degradation of trichloroacetic acid and its by-products. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 197: 231–241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.031
55
Sadowsky D, McNeill K, Cramer C J. Thermochemical factors affecting the dehalogenation of aromatics. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(24): 14194–14203 https://doi.org/10.1021/es404033y
pmid: 24237268
56
Baumgartner R, Stieger G K, McNeill K. Complete hydrodehalogenation of polyfluorinated and other polyhalogenated benzenes under mild catalytic conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(12): 6545–6553
pmid: 23663092
57
Sadowsky D, McNeill K, Cramer C J. Dehalogenation of aromatics by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(18): 10904–10911 https://doi.org/10.1021/es5028822
pmid: 25133312
58
Baumgartner R, McNeill K. Hydrodefluorination and hydrogenation of fluorobenzene under mild aqueous conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(18): 10199–10205
pmid: 22871102
59
Yu Y H, Chiu P C. Kinetics and pathway of vinyl fluoride reduction over rhodium. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2014, 1(11): 448–452 https://doi.org/10.1021/ez500291g
60
Wong M S, Alvarez P J J, Fang Y, Akçin N, Nutt M O, Miller J T, Heck K N. Cleaner water using bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2009, 84(2): 158–166 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2002
61
Lowry G V, Reinhard M. Hydrodehalogenation of 1-to 3-carbon halogenated organic compounds in water using a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(11): 1905–1910 https://doi.org/10.1021/es980963m
62
Urbano F J, Marinas J M. Hydrogenolysis of organohalogen compounds over palladium supported catalysts. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 2001, 173(1–2): 329–345 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(01)00157-1
63
Liu W J, Qian T T, Jiang H. Bimetallic Fe nanoparticles: Recent advances in synthesis and application in catalytic elimination of environmental pollutants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 236: 448–463 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.062
64
Baumgartner R, Stieger G K, McNeill K. Complete hydrodehalogenation of polyfluorinated and other polyhalogenated benzenes under mild catalytic conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(12): 6545–6553
pmid: 23663092
65
Díaz E, Faba L, Ordóñez S. Effect of carbonaceous supports on the Pd-catalyzed aqueous-phase trichloroethylene hydrodechlorination. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 104(3–4): 415–417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.03.031
66
Fan J, Xu W, Gao T, Ma L. Stability analysis of alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater by a catalyzed Fe-Cu treatment process. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2007, 1(4): 504–508 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-007-0081-6
67
Ezzatahmadi N, Ayoko G A, Millar G J, Speight R, Yan C, Li J, Li S, Zhu J, Xi Y. Clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composite materials for the remediation of contaminated aqueous solutions: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 312: 336–350 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.154
68
Tang Y, Ziv-El M, Zhou C, Shin J H, Ahn C H, Meyer K, Candelaria D, Friese D, Overstreet R, Scott R, Rittmann B E. Bioreduction of nitrate in groundwater using a pilot-scale hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2010, 4(3): 280–285 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-010-0235-9
69
Siedel C, Darby J, Jensen V. An Assessment of state of Nitrate treatment Alternatives, Final Report. Davis: The American Water Works Association Inorganic Contaminant Research and Inorganic Water Quality Joint Project Committees, 2011
70
Radjenovic J, Sedlak D L. Challenges and opportunities for electrochemical processes as next-generation technologies for the treatment of contaminated water. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(19): 11292–11302 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02414
pmid: 26370517
71
Lecloux A J. Chemical, biological and physical constrains in catalytic reduction processes for purification of drinking water. Catalysis Today, 1999, 53(1): 23–34 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00100-5
72
Krawczyk N, Karski S, Witońska I. The effect of support porosity on the selectivity of Pd–In/support catalysts in nitrate reduction. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 2011, 103(2): 311–323 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-011-0321-4
73
Ding Y, Sun W, Yang W, Li Q. Formic acid as the in-situ hydrogen source for catalytic reduction of nitrate in water by PdAg alloy nanoparticles supported on amine-functionalized SiO2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 203: 372–380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.048
74
Mendow G, Marchesini F A, Miró E E, Querini C A. Evaluation of pd-in supported catalysts for water nitrate Abatement in a fixed-bed continuous reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011, 50(4): 1911–1920 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie102080w
75
Marchesini F A, Irusta S, Querini C, Miró E. Spectroscopic and catalytic characterization of Pd-In and Pt-In supported on Al2O3 and SiO2, active catalysts for nitrate hydrogenation. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2008, 348(1): 60–70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.06.026
76
Wada K, Hirata T, Hosokawa S, Iwamoto S, Inoue M. Effect of supports on Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts for nitrate and nitrite reduction in water. Catalysis Today, 2012, 185(1): 81–87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.07.021
77
Sá J, Gasparovicova D, Hayek K, Halwax E, Anderson J A, Vinek H. Water denitration over a Pd-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst. Catalysis Letters, 2005, 105(3–4): 209–217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-005-8692-7
Kim M S, Lee D W, Chung S H, Kim J T, Cho I H, Lee K Y. Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts supported on TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides for aqueous nitrate reduction by hydrogen. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 2014, 392: 308–314 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.05.034
80
Epron F, Gauthard F, Barbier J. Influence of oxidizing and reducing treatments on the metal-metal interactions and on the activity for nitrate reduction of a Pt-Cu bimetallic catalyst. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2002, 237(1–2): 253–261 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00331-9
81
Trawczyński J, Gheek P, Okal J, Zawadzki M, Gomez M J I. Reduction of nitrate on active carbon supported Pd-Cu catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2011, 409–410: 39–47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.09.020
82
Durkin D P, Ye T, Larson E G, Haverhals L M, Livi K J T, De Long H C, Trulove P C, Fairbrother D H, Shuai D. Lignocellulose fiber- and welded fiber- supports for palladium-based catalytic hydrogenation: a natural fiber welding application for water treatment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2016, 4(10): 5511–5522 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01250
83
Yun Y, Li Z, Chen Y H, Saino M, Cheng S, Zheng L. Reduction of nitrate in secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants by Fe0 reductant and Pd-Cu/graphene catalyst. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2016, 227(4): 111–120 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2792-4
84
Hörold S, Tacke T, Vorlop K D. Catalytical removal of nitrate and nitrite from drinking water: 1. Screening for hydrogenation catalysts and influence of reaction conditions on activity and selectivity. Environmental Technology, 1993, 14(10): 931–939 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593339309385367
85
Garron A, Lázár K, Epron F. Effect of the support on tin distribution in Pd–Sn/Al2O3 and Pd–Sn/SiO2 catalysts for application in water denitration. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2005, 59(1–2): 57–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.01.002
86
Garron A, Lázár K, Epron F. Characterization by Mössbauer spectroscopy of trimetallic Pd–Sn–Au/Al2O3 and Pd–Sn–Au/SiO2 catalysts for denitration of drinking water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 65(3–4): 240–248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.02.010
87
Costa A O, Ferreira L S, Passos F B, Maia M P, Peixoto F C. Microkinetic modeling of the hydrogenation of nitrate in water on Pd–Sn/Al2O3 catalyst. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 445–446: 26–34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.07.043
88
Rocha E P A, Passos F B, Peixoto F C. Modeling of hydrogenation of nitrate in water on Pd–Sn/Al2O3 catalyst: estimation of microkinetic parameters and transport phenomena properties. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014, 53(21): 8726–8734 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie500820a
89
Gao Z, Zhang Y, Li D, Werth C J, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Highly active Pd-In/mesoporous alumina catalyst for nitrate reduction. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 286: 425–431 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.005
pmid: 25600582
90
Ye T, Durkin D P, Hu M, Wang X, Banek N A, Wagner M J, Shuai D. Enhancement of nitrite reduction kinetics on electrospun Pd-carbon nanomaterial catalysts for water purification. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(28): 17739–17744 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b03635
pmid: 27387354
91
Pintar A, Setinc M, Levec J. Hardness and salt effects on catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate solutions. Journal of Catalysis, 1998, 174(1): 72–87 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1997.1960
92
Chaplin B P, Shapley J R, Werth C J. Oxidative regeneration of sulfide-fouled catalysts for water treatment. Catalysis Letters, 2009, 132(1–2): 174–181 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-009-0083-z
93
Chaplin B P, Roundy E, Guy K A, Shapley J R, Werth C J. Effects of natural water ions and humic acid on catalytic nitrate reduction kinetics using an alumina supported Pd-Cu catalyst. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(9): 3075–3081 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0525298
pmid: 16719114
94
Chaplin B P, Shapley J R, Werth C J. Regeneration of sulfur-fouled bimetallic Pd-based catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(15): 5491–5497 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0704333
pmid: 17822122
95
Ng B J, Putri L K, Tan L L, Pasbakhsh P, Chai S P. All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalyst with carbon nanotubes as an electron mediator for hydrogen evolution under simulated solar light. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 316: 41–49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.054
96
O’Keefe W K, Liu Y, Sasges M R, Wong M S, Fu H, Takata T, Domen K. Photocatalytic hydrodechlorination of trace carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in aqueous medium. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014, 53(23): 9600–9607 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie500344v
3
Song X, Liu R, Chen L, Kawagishi T. Comparative experiment on treating digested piggery wastewater with a biofilm MBR and conventional MBR: simultaneous removal of nitrogen and antibiotics. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(2): 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0919-5
4
Zhang H, Li W, Jin Y, Sheng W, Hu M, Wang X, Zhang J. Ru-Co(III)-Cu(II)/SAC catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 189: 56–64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.030
97
Liu D J, Garcia A, Wang J, Ackerman D M, Wang C J, Evans J W. Kinetic monte carlo simulation of statistical mechanical models and coarse-grained mesoscale descriptions of catalytic reaction-diffusion processes: 1D nanoporous and 2D surface systems. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(12): 5979–6050 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500453t
pmid: 25909347
98
Konsolakis M. The role of Copper–Ceria interactions in catalysis science: recent theoretical and experimental advances. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 198: 49–66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.037
99
Bergquist A M, Choe J K, Strathmann T J, Werth C J. Evaluation of a hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment technology for nitrate removal from drinking water. Water Research, 2016, 96: 177–187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.054
pmid: 27043747
5
Xu Z, Liu H, Niu J, Zhou Y, Wang C, Wang Y. Hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified nanocrystalline PbO2 anode for removal of pyridine from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 327: 144–152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.056
pmid: 28064142
