A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy

doi:10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (5): 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6

本期目录

A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy

Zebing Wu¹, Wenyi Yuan²(

), Jinhui Li³, Xiaoyan Wang¹, Lili Liu³, Jingwei Wang²

¹. School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
². Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
³. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

全文: PDF(288 KB) HTML

Abstract：

Waste PCBs have a high content of valuable metals.

Hydrometallurgical technology has been widely used to extract valuable metal.

The recycling of waste PCBs using hydrometallurgy was critically reviewed.

Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life (EoL) electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments, which can cause serious health problems if effective off-gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals (especially gold and silver) from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.

Key words： Waste PCBs Precious metals Hydrometallurgy Recycling Leaching Recovery

收稿日期: 2017-03-06 出版日期: 2017-10-31

Corresponding Author(s): Wenyi Yuan

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(5): 8.
Zebing Wu, Wenyi Yuan, Jinhui Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Lili Liu, Jingwei Wang. A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(5): 8.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/Y2017/V11/I5/8

Fig.1

Tab.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Tab.2

Tab.3

Tab.4

Tab.5

Tab.6

1	Akcil A, Erust C, Gahan C S , Ozgun M , Sahin M , Tuncuk A . Precious metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards using cyanide and non-cyanide lixiviants—A review. Waste Management, 2015, 45: 258–271 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.017 pmid: 25704926
2	Baldé C P , Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J . The Global E-waste Monitor 2014: Quantities, Flows and Resources. Tokyo & Bonn: United Nations University, 2015
3	Guo J, Guo J, Xu Z . Recycling of non-metallic fractions from waste printed circuit boards: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 168(2–3): 567–590 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.104 pmid: 19303702
4	Hischier R, Wäger P, Gauglhofer J . Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? The environmental impacts of the Swiss take-back and recycling systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Environment Impact Assessment, 2005, 25(5): 525–539 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.003
5	Kahhat R, Kim J, Xu M , Allenby B , Williams E , Zhang P . Exploring e-waste Management systems in the United States. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 52(7): 955–964 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.03.002
6	Marques A C, Cabrera Marrero J M, de Fraga Malfatti C. A review of the recycling of non-metallic fractions of printed circuit boards. SpringerPlus, 2013, 2(1): 521 https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-521 pmid: 24587980
7	Kowalska E, Radomska J, Konarski P , Diduszko R , Oszczudłowski J , Opalińska T , Więch M , Duszyc Z . Thermogravimetric investigation of wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2006, 86(1): 137–140 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-7589-z
8	Nnorom I C, Osibanjo O. Overview of electronic waste (e-waste) Management practices and legislations, and their poor applications in the developing countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 52(6): 843–858 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.01.004
9	Widmer R, Oswald-Krapf H, Sinha-Khetriwal D , Schnellmann M , Böni H . Global persp ectives on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(5): 436–458 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.001
10	Sinha-Khetriwal D, Kraeuchi P, Schwaninger M . A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(5): 492–504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.006
11	Vats M C, Singh S K. Assessment of gold and silver in assorted mobile phone printed circuit boards (PCBs): Original article. Waste Management, 2015, 45: 280–288 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.002 pmid: 26112260
12	Ghosh B, Ghosh M K, Parhi P, Mukherjee P S , Mishra B K . Waste printed circuit boards recycling: An extensive assessment of current status. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 94: 5–19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.024
13	Yang T, Xu Z, Wen J K , Yang L M . Factors influencing bioleaching copper from waste printed circuit boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 97(1–2): 29–32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.12.011
14	Park Y J, Fray D J. Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 164(2–3): 1152–1158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.043 pmid: 18980802
15	Yamane L H, de Moraes V T, Espinosa D C R, Tenório J A S. Recycling of WEEE: Characterization of spent printed circuit boards from mobile phones and computers. Waste Management, 2011, 31(12): 2553–2558 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.006 pmid: 21820883
16	Li J Y, Xu X L, Liu W Q . Thiourea leaching gold and silver from the printed circuit boards of waste mobile phones. Waste Management, 2012, 32(6): 1209–1212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.026 pmid: 22386109
17	Cui J, Zhang L. Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 158(2–3): 228–256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001 pmid: 18359555
18	Das A, Vidyadhar A, Mehrotra S P . A novel flowsheet for the recovery of metal values from waste printed circuit boards. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2009, 53(8): 464–469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.03.008
19	Wang X, Gaustad G. Prioritizing material recovery for end-of-life printed circuit boards. Waste Management, 2012, 32(10): 1903–1913 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.005 pmid: 22677014
20	Liu P Y, Zhao Y X, Zhu Y Y, Qin Z F, Ruan X L, Zhang Y C, Chen B J, Li Y, Yan S S , Qin X F , Fu S, Xu X B. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human semen. Environment International, 2012, 42(1): 132–137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.011 pmid: 21664693
21	Luo C, Liu C, Wang Y , Liu X, Li F, Zhang G , Li X. Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, South China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 186(1): 481–490 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.024 pmid: 21144651
22	Noon M S, Lee S J, Cooper J S. A life cycle assessment of end-of-life computer monitor management in the Seattle metropolitan region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2011, 57(4): 22–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.017
23	Tsydenova O, Bengtsson M. Chemical hazards associated with treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Waste Management, 2011, 31(1): 45–58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.014 pmid: 20869229
24	Bi X H, Simoneit B R T, Wang Z Z, Wang X M, Sheng G Y, Fu J M. The major components of particles emitted during recycling of waste printed circuit boards in a typical e-waste workshop of South China. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(35): 4440–4445 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.040
25	Owens C V Jr, Lambright C, Bobseine K, Ryan B , Gray L E Jr, Gullett B K , Wilson V S . Identification of estrogenic compounds emitted from the combustion of computer printed circuit boards in electronic waste. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(24): 8506–8511 https://doi.org/10.1021/es071425p pmid: 18200886
26	Duan H, Li J, Liu Y , Yamazaki N , Jiang W . Characterization and inventory of PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs emissions from the incineration of waste printed circuit board. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(15): 6322–6328 https://doi.org/10.1021/es2007403 pmid: 21711021
27	Duan H, Li J, Liu Y , Yamazaki N , Jiang W . Characterizing the emission of chlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from low-temperature thermal processing of waste printed circuit board. Environmental Pollution, 2012, 161: 185–191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.033 pmid: 22230084
28	Hall W J, Williams P T. Pyrolysis of brominated feedstock plastic in a fluidised bed reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006, 77(1): 75–82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.01.006
29	Wen S, Yang F, Li J G , Gong Y, Zhang X L, Hui Y, Wu Y N , Zhao Y F , Xu Y. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an E-waste recycling area. Chemosphere, 2009, 74(7): 981–987 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002 pmid: 19118860
30	Li J H, Duan H B, Yu K L, Liu L L, Wang S T. Characteristic of low-temperature pyrolysis of printed circuit boards subjected to various atmosphere. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2010, 54(11): 810–815 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.12.011
31	Long Y Y, Feng Y J, Cai S S, Ding W X, Shen D S. Flow analysis of heavy metals in a pilot-scale incinerator for residues from waste electrical and electronic equipment dismantling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261(20): 427–434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.070 pmid: 23973476
32	Huang K, Guo J, Xu Z . Recycling of waste printed circuit boards: A review of current technologies and treatment status in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 164(2–3): 399–408 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.051 pmid: 18829162
33	Ni K, Lu Y, Wang T , Kannan K , Gosens J , Xu L, Li Q, Wang L , Liu S. A review of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in China. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2013, 216(6): 607–623 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.002 pmid: 23491027
34	Tue N M, Takahashi S, Subramanian A , Sakai S , Tanabe S . Environmental contamination and human exposure to dioxin-related compounds in e-waste recycling sites of developing countries. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 2013, 15(7): 1326–1331 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00086a pmid: 23760515
35	Hilson G, Monhemius A J. Alternatives to cyanide in the gold mining industry: what prospects for the future? Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006, 14(12–13): 1158–1167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.005
36	Lu Y, Xu Z M. Precious metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards: A review for current status and perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2016, 113: 28–39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.007
37	Parga J R, Valenzuela J L, Francisco C T. Pressure cyanide leaching for precious metals recovery. JOM, 2007, 59(10): 43–47 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-007-0130-4
38	Hill R F, Potter N M. Dissolution of palladium and platinum from automotive catalysts. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 1979, 26(5): 4704–4706 https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1979.4330201
39	Quinet P, Proost J, Van Lierde A . Recovery of precious metals from electronic scrap by hydrometallurgical processing routes. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2005, 22(1): 17–22
40	Petter P M, Veit H M, Bernardes A M. Evaluation of gold and silver leaching from printed circuit board of cellphones. Waste Management, 2014, 34(2): 475–482 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.032 pmid: 24332399
41	Behnamfard A, Salarirad M M, Veglio F. Process development for recovery of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards with emphasize on palladium and gold leaching and precipitation. Waste Management, 2013, 33(11): 2354–2363 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.017 pmid: 23927928
42	Kim E Y, Kim M S, Lee J C, Pandey B D. Selective recovery of gold from waste mobile phone PCBs by hydrometallurgical process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 198: 206–215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.034 pmid: 22040799
43	Moses L B, Petersen F W. Flotation as a separation technique in the coal gold agglomeration process. Minerals Engineering, 2000, 13(3): 255–264 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(00)00005-4
44	Wang H X, Sun C B, Li S Y, Fu P F, Song Y G, Li L, Xie W Q . Study on gold concentrate leaching by iodine-iodide. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, 2013, 20(4): 323–328 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0730-7
45	Xu Q, Chen D H, Chen L, Huang M H . Iodine leaching process for recovery of gold from waste PCB. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2009, 3(5): 911–914 (in Chinese)
46	Xu Q, Chen D H, Chen L, Huang M H . Gold leaching from waste printed circuit board by iodine process. Nonferrous Metals, 2010, 62(3): 88–90 (in Chinese)
47	Baghalha M. Leaching of an oxide gold ore with chloride/hypochlorite solutions. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2007, 82(4): 178–186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2006.09.001
48	Liu Y, Ruan J L, Guo Y W, Qiao Q, Liu J Y , Zhang J Q . Comparison study of gold leaching methods of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) from mobile phone. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2013, 31(1): 38–41 (in Chinese)
49	Zhang Y H, Liu S L, Xie H H, Zeng X L, Li J H. Current status on leaching precious metals from waste printed circuit boards. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2012, 16: 560–568 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.077
50	Gönen N. Leaching of finely disseminated gold ore with cyanide and thiourea solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2003, 69(1–3): 169–176 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00005-7
51	Schulze R G. New aspects in thiourea leaching of precious metals. JOM, 1984, 36(6): 62–65 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338478
52	Birloaga I, Vegliò F. Study of multi-step hydrometallurgical methods to extract the valuable content of gold, silver and copper from waste printed circuit boards. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4(1): 20–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.11.021
53	Senanayake G. Analysis of React ion kinetics, speciation and mechanism of gold leaching and thiosulfate oxidation by ammoniacal copper(II) solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2004, 75(1–4): 55–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.06.004
54	Aylmore M G, Muir D M. Thiosulfate leaching of gold––A review. Minerals Engineering, 2001, 14(2): 135–174 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(00)00172-2
55	Ha V H, Lee J C, Huynh T H, Jeong J, Pandey B D . Optimizing the thiosulfate leaching of gold from printed circuit boards of discarded mobile phone. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 149: 118–126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.07.007
56	Ficeriová J , Baláž P , Gock E. Leaching of gold, silver and accompanying metals from circuit boards (PCBs) waste. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 2011, 16(2): 128
57	Sheng P P, Etsell T H. Recovery of gold from computer circuit board scrap using aqua regia. Waste Management & Research, 2007, 25(4): 380–383 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07076946 pmid: 17874665
58	Dong T G, Hua Y X, Zhang Q B, Zhou D G. Leaching of chalcopyrite with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(1–2): 33–38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.06.001
59	Fraga-Dubreuil J, Bazureau J P. Grafted ionic liquid-phase-supported synthesis of small organic molecules. Tetrahedron Letters, 2001, 42(35): 6097–6100 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)01190-X
60	Berenblyum A S , Katsman E A , Karasev Y Z . The nature of catalytic activity and deactivation of chloroaluminate ionic liquid. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2006, 315(1): 128–134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.09.013
61	Kumari A, Jha M K, Singh R P. Recovery of metals from pyrolysed PCBs by hydro-metallurgical techniques. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 165(Part 1): 97–105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.10.020
62	Ma B M, Zhang M, He C J , Sun J F . New binary ionic liquid system for the preparation of chitosan/cellulose composite fibers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 88(1): 347–351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.020 pmid: 23465940
63	Huang J, Chen M, Chen H , Chen S, Sun Q. Leaching behavior of copper from waste printed circuit boards with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid. Waste Management, 2014, 34(2): 483–488 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.027 pmid: 24246577
64	Chen M, Huang J, Ogunseitan O A , Zhu N, Wang Y M. Comparative study on copper leaching from waste printed circuit boards by typical ionic liquid acids. Waste Management, 2015, 41: 142–147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.037 pmid: 25869844
65	Chen M J, Zhang S, Huang J X , Chen H Y . Lead during the leaching process of copper from waste printed circuit boards by five typical ionic liquid acids. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 95: 142–147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.045
66	Koyama K, Tanaka M, Lee J C . Copper leaching behavior from waste printed circuit board in ammoniacal alkaline solution. Materials Transactions, 2006, 47(7): 1788–1792 https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.1788
67	Yazici E Y, Deveci H. Extraction of metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) in H2SO4-CuSO4-NaCl solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2013, 139(3): 30–38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.018
68	Birloaga I, De Michelis I, Ferella F , Buzatu M , Vegliò F . Study on the influence of various factors in the hydrometallurgical processing of waste printed circuit boards for copper and gold recovery. Waste Management, 2013, 33(4): 935–941
69	Zhang Z, Zhang F S. Selective recovery of palladium from waste printed circuit boards by a novel non-acid process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 279(1): 46–51 pmid: 25037000
70	Brierley J A, Brierley C L. Present and future commercial applications of biohydrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgy, 2001, 59(2–3): 233–239 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00162-6
71	Wang J, Bai J, Xu J , Liang B . Bioleaching of metals from printed wire boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and their mixture. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 172(2–3): 1100–1105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.102 pmid: 19699031
72	Liang G, Tang J, Liu W , Zhou Q. Optimizing mixed culture of two acidophiles to improve copper recovery from printed circuit boards (PCBs). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 250– 251(2): 238–245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.077 pmid: 23454463
73	Arshadi M, Mousavi S M, Rasoulnia P. Enhancement of simultaneous gold and copper recovery from discarded mobile phone PCBs using Bacillus megaterium: RSM based optimization of effective factors and evaluation of their interactions. Waste Management, 2016, 57: 158–167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.012 pmid: 27264460
74	Choi M S, Cho K S, Kim D S, Kim D J. Microbial recovery of copper from printed circuit boards of waste computer by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Part A, 2004, 39(11–12): 2973–2982 https://doi.org/10.1081/LESA-200034763 pmid: 15533017
75	Brandl H, Lehmann S, Faramarzi M A , Martinelli D . Biomobilization of silver, gold, and platinum from solid waste materials by HCN-forming microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy, 2008, 94(1): 14–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.016
76	Xiang Y, Wu P, Zhu N , Zhang T , Liu W, Wu J, Li P . Bioleaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards by bacterial consortium enriched from acid mine drainage. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 184(1–3): 812–818 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.113 pmid: 20869807
77	Ilyas S, Ruan C, Bhatti H N , Ghauri M A , Anwar M A . Column bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 101(3): 135–140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.12.007
78	Chi T D, Lee J C, Pandey B D, Yoo K, Jeong J . Bioleaching of gold and copper from waste mobile phone PCBs by using a cyanogenic bacterium. Minerals Engineering, 2011, 24(11): 1219–1222 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.05.009
79	Zhu N, Xiang Y, Zhang T , Wu P, Dang Z, Li P , Wu J. Bioleaching of metal concentrates of waste printed circuit boards by mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 192(2): 614–619 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.062 pmid: 21683521
80	Bas A D, Deveci H, Yazici E Y . Bioleaching of copper from low grade scrap TV circuit boards using mesophilic bacteria. Hydrometallurgy, 2013, 138(6): 65–70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.015
81	Hong Y, Valix M. Bioleaching of electronic waste using acidophilic sulfur oxidising bacteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, 65(65): 465–472 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.043
82	Ruan J, Zhu X, Qian Y , Hu J. A new strain for recovering precious metals from waste printed circuit boards. Waste Management, 2014, 34(5): 901–907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.014 pmid: 24630215
83	Işıldar A , van de Vossenberg J , Rene E R , van Hullebusch E D , Lens P N L . Two-step bioleaching of copper and gold from discarded printed circuit boards (PCB). Waste Management, 2016, 57: 149–157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.033 pmid: 26704063
84	Sanyal S, Ke Q D, Zhang Y, Ngo T , Carrell J , Zhang H C , Dai L L . Understanding and optimizing delamination/recycling of printed circuit boards using a supercritical carbon dioxide process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, 41(41): 174–178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.011
85	Calgaro C O, Schlemmer D F, da Silva M D C R, Maziero E V, Tanabe E H, Bertuol D A. Fast copper extraction from printed circuit boards using supercritical carbon dioxide. Waste Management, 2015, 45: 289–297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.017 pmid: 26022338
86	Xiu F R, Zhang F S. Materials recovery from waste printed circuit boards by supercritical methanol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 178(1-3): 628–634 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.131 pmid: 20206443
87	Xiu F R, Qi Y, Zhang F S . Recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards by supercritical water pre-treatment combined with acid leaching process. Waste Management, 2013, 33(5): 1251–1257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.023 pmid: 23474342
88	Xiu F R, Qi Y, Zhang F S . Leaching of Au, Ag, and Pd from waste printed circuit boards of mobile phone by iodide lixiviant after supercritical water pre-treatment. Waste Management, 2015, 41: 134–141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.020 pmid: 25802060
89	Fleming C A, McMullen J, Thomas K G , Wells J A . Recent advances in the development of an alternative to the cyanidation process: Thiosulfate leaching and resin in pulp. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2003, 20(1): 1–9
90	Zhang H G, Ritchie I M, La Brooy S R. The adsorption of gold thiourea complex onto activated carbon. Hydrometallurgy, 2004, 72(3–4): 291–301 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00182-8
91	Jeffrey M I, Brunt S D. The quantification of thiosulfate and polythionates in gold leach solutions and on anion exchange resins. Hydrometallurgy, 2007, 89(1): 52–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.05.004
92	Grosse A C, Dicinoski G W, Shaw M J, Haddad P R. Leaching and recovery of gold using ammoniacal thiosulfate leach liquors (a review). Hydrometallurgy, 2003, 69(1): 1–21 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00169-X
93	Nicol M J, O’Malley G. Recovering gold from thiosulfate leach pulps via ion exchange. JOM, 2002, 54(10): 44–46 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02709221
94	Zhang H G, Dreisinger D B. The recovery of gold from ammoniacal thiosulfate solutions containing copper using ion exchange resin column. Hydrometallurgy, 2004, 72(3): 225–234 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00183-X
95	Thomas K, Fleming C, Marchbank A , Dreisinger D . Gold recovery from refractory carbonaceous ores by pressure oxidation, thiosulfate leaching and resin-in-pulp adsorption. US Patent, 5785736, 1998–7-28
96	Fogarasi S, Imre-Lucaci F, Egedy A , Imre-Lucaci Á , Ilea P. Eco-friendly copper recovery process from waste printed circuit boards using Fe3+/Fe2+ redox system. Waste Management, 2015, 40: 136–143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.030 pmid: 25816768
97	Masavetas I, Moutsatsou A, Nikolaou E , Spanou S , Zoikis-Karathanasis A , Pavlatou E A , Spyrellis N . Production of copper powder from printed circuit boards by electrodeposition. Global NEST Journal, 2009, 11(2): 241–247
98	Lekka M, Masavetas I, Benedetti A V , Moutsatsou A , Fedrizzi L . Gold recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment by electrodeposition: A feasibility study. Hydrometalluryg, 2015, 157: 97–106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.07.017
99	Lister T E, Wang P, Anderko A . Recovery of critical and value metals from mobile electronics enabled by electrochemical processing. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 149: 228–237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.08.011

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed