Microplastics removal strategies: A step toward finding the solution

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1441-3

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1): 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1441-3

本期目录

Microplastics removal strategies: A step toward finding the solution

Neha Badola¹, Ashish Bahuguna^2,³, Yoel Sasson², Jaspal Singh Chauhan¹(

)

¹. Aquatic Biodiversity Lab, Department of Himalayan Aquatic Biodiversity, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India
². Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
³. Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India

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Abstract：

• Physical, chemical and biological methods are explored for MPs removal.

• Physical methods based on adsorption/filtration are mostly used for MPs removal.

• Chemical methods of MPs removal work on coagulation and flocculation mechanism.

• MBR technology has also shown the removal of MPs from water.

• Global policy on plastic control is lacking.

Microplastics are an emerging threat and a big challenge for the environment. The presence of microplastics (MPs) in water is life-threatening to diverse organisms of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, the scientific community is exploring deeper to find treatment and removal options of MPs. Various physical, chemical and biological methods are researched for MPs removal, among which few have shown good efficiency in the laboratory. These methods also have a few limitations in environmental conditions. Other than finding a suitable method, the creation of legal restrictions at a governmental level by imposing policies against MPs is still a daunting task in many countries. This review is an effort to place all effectual MP removal methods in one document to compare the mechanisms, efficiency, advantages, and disadvantages and find the best solution. Further, it also discusses the policies and regulations available in different countries to design an effective global policy. Efforts are also made to discuss the research gaps, recent advancements, and insights in the field.

Key words： Aquatic Coagulation Microplastics Plastic Water Treatment Plant Wastewater

收稿日期: 2021-06-02 出版日期: 2021-10-22

Corresponding Author(s): Jaspal Singh Chauhan

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2022, 16(1): 7.
Neha Badola, Ashish Bahuguna, Yoel Sasson, Jaspal Singh Chauhan. Microplastics removal strategies: A step toward finding the solution. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 7.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/10.1007/s11783-021-1441-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/CN/Y2022/V16/I1/7

Fig.1

Sr. No.	Method	Principle	Target MPs		Efficiency	Reference
Sr. No.	Method	Principle	Type	Size (μm)	Efficiency	Reference
1.	Sponge made of Chitin and Graphene oxide	Adsorption	Polystyrene, carboxylate-modified polystyrene and amine-modified polystyrene	_	89.8%, 72.4%, and 88.9% for neat polystyrene, carboxylate-modified polystyrene, and amine-modified polystyrene respectively	Sun et al., 2020a
2.	Zirconium metal-organic frameworks-based foam	Filtration	All MPs	_	95.5±1.2%	Chen et al., 2020
3.	Conventional dissolved air flotation and Positive modification	Hydrophilic/ Hydrophobic interaction and charge attraction	Polyethylene, Polyethylene terephthalate, Nylon 66/PA66	_	32%–38% at 0.4–0.5	Wang et al., 2021
4.	Magnetic Polyoxometalate-Supported Ionic Liquid Phases	Adsorption	Polystyrene	1 and 10	Over 90%	Misra et al., 2020
5.	Biochar Adsorbents (pine and spruce bark biochar)	Adsorption	All MPs	_	100% (Polyethylene particles) and nearly 100% (fleece fibers)	Siipola et al., 2020
6.	A non-fluorinated superhydrophobic aluminum surface	Adsorption	Polypropylene	262±4	99%	Rius-Ayra & Llorca-Isern, 2021
7.	Biochar filters	Adsorption and filteration	Polystyrene MPs spheres (microbeads	10	above 95%	Wang et al., 2020b
8.	Biofilter	Gravitational filter	All MPs	>100	79%–89%	Liu et al., 2020
9.	Magnetic micro-submarines	Induced fluid flow field	All MPs	40	70%	Sun et al., 2020b
10.	Magnetic carbon nanotubes	Adsorption	All MPs	_	100%	Tang et al., 2021
11.	Primary Sedimentation	Gravitational settling	All MPs	MPs with high density	40.7%	Liu et al., 2019
12.	Disc filter	Retention	All MPs	>10	89%	Simon et al., 2019
13.	Electrocoagulation	Flocculation and settling	Polyethylene microbeads	300 − 355	90%−100%	Perren et al., 2018
14.	Rapid sand filter	Filtration	All MPs	>20	97%	Talvitie et al., 2017
15.	Dissolved air flotation	Flotation	All MPs	>20	95%
16.	Disc filter	Retention	All MPs	>20	40%–98.5%	Talvitie et al., 2017
17.	Coagulative colloidal gas aphrons	Adsorption	Carboxyl-modified poly-(methyl methacrylate) and unsurface-coated polystyrene	?5	94%	Zhang et al., 2021

Tab.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Physical methods
Sponge made of Chitin and Graphene oxide	Reusability, biocompatibility and biodegradability of the sponge enhance its suitability for treatment of MPs	Difficult to scale up.	Sun et al., 2020a
Zirconium metal-organic frameworks-based foam	High efficiency in water or seawater conditions (with slight decrease). Capable of removing numerous categories of MPs with different concentration from the MPs suspension. Recyclable Foam. Can be run on solar power.	Only tested in laboratory so, large-quantity filtration tests are essential for the practical applications.	Chen et al., 2020
Dissolved air flotation	High efficiency.	Only remove low-density particles.	Talvitie et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2021
Magnetic Polyoxometalate-Supported Ionic Liquid Phases	It can screen organic, inorganic, and microbial pollutants with MPs Suitable for a large volume of water. High efficiency.	Efficiency specific to polystyrene type of MPs of size of 1 and 10μm.	Misra et al., 2020
A non-fluorinated superhydrophobic aluminum surface	High efficiency. Efficiency higher than 99% for removal from the NaCl aqueous solution Can be implemented in natural conditions.	Efficiency only tested with MPs of size 262μm.	Rius-Ayra & Llorca-Isern, 2021
Biochar filters of different materials	Easy to make filters Good efficiency. High adsorption capacity. Low cost of biochar production. Low maintenance.	Tested only for selected type and shape of MPs Not efficient for reduction of micrometer-scale MPs particles	Siipola et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020b
Magnetic carbon nanotubes	High efficiency. Reusability of magnetic carbon nanotubes.	The efficiency slightly decreased with number of times used.	Tang et al., 2021
Electrocoagulation	Minimum sludge. Energy efficient and cost-effective. Flexibility to automation. Less or no secondary pollution. High efficiency.	Need continuous electricity supply. pH dependent. High amount of Cl⁻ ions in wastewater effects the removal capacity	Perren et al., 2018
Rapid sand filter	Suitable for all types of MPs. Easy method Low cost.	Only effective on the size of MPs>20µm.	Talvitie et al., 2017
Disc filter	High efficiency.	Large size plastics reduce efficiency by blocking the pores. High maintenance.	Talvitie et al., 2017
Coagulative colloidal gas aphrons	High efficiency Efficiency not affected by salinity.	Size dependent efficiency.	Zhang et al., 2021
Chemical methods
Coagulation/ flocculation with different chemicals (Alum, alum combined with cationic polyamine-coated sand, Polyaluminium chloride, ferric chloride, iron, aluminum and polyamine-based chemicals etc.)	High efficiency. Removes other pollutants also. Easy to operate.	Mostly investigated in laboratory. Alkaline conditions and high stirring speed can affect efficiency. Sometimes not efficient for the MPs with small-smooth-spherical surface. Not efficient on smaller MPs.	Ma et al., 2019; Rajala et al., 2020; Shahi et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a; Zhou et al., 2021
Influence of linear and branched alkyltrichlorosilanes	Good efficiency	Efficiency in natural settings is still needed to be verified for widespread application Efficient for MPs size in the range between 1 µm- 1mm.	Sturm et al., 2020
Biological methods
Membrane bioreactor	High efficiency Easily implemented in waste water treatment plants	Shape dependency of the removal percentage. Membrane fouling	Talvitie et al., 2017; Lares et al., 2018; Lv et al., 2019; Bayo et al., 2020
Conventional activated sludge	Robust, cost-effective and flexible. Can treat a wide range of influent concentrations, Applicable for large-scale treatments	Long retention times in the tank, High cost of energy and the processing Problem of sludge disposal.	Lares et al., 2018

Tab.2

Fig.4

Tab.3

Fig.5

Microorganism	Type of microorganism	Type of plastics	Efficiency	Reference
Bacillus subtilis	Bacteria	Polyethylene	9.26%	Vimala and Mathew, 2016
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, NCIM 1170 (F1) and Engyodontium album MTP091	Fungus	Polypropylene, pro-oxidant blended and starch blended polypropylenes	Approx. 18.8 and 9.42% gravimetric weight loss and 79 and 57% TGA weight loss	Jeyakumar et al., 2013
Serratia marcescens marcescens	Bacteria	Linear Low-Density Polyethylene	_	Odusanya et al., 2013
Rhodococcus ruber	Bacteria	Polyethylene	8%	Orr et al., 2004
Chaetomium globosum	Fungus	Polyurethane	_	Oprea and Doroftei, 2011
Bacillus sphericus Alt; Bacillus cereus BF20	Bacteria	Low-Density Polyethylene film	Weight loss 2.5%–10%	Sudhakar et al., 2008
Zalerion maritimum	Fungus	Polyethylene pellets	_	Paço et al., 2017
Alcanivorax borkumensis	Bacteria	Low-Density Polyethylene film	Weight loss 3.5%	Delacuvellerie et al., 2019
Cyanobacterial species like Phormidium lucidum and Oscillatoria subbrevis	Bacteria	Low-Density Polyethylene film	_	Sarmah and Rout, 2019
Exiguobacterium sp. YT2	Bacteria	Polystyrene film	7.5%	Yang et al., 2015
Microbacterium sp. NA23; Paenibacillus urinalis NA26; Bacillus sp. NB6; Pseudomonas aeruginosa NB26	Bacteria	Polystyrene film	_	Atiq et al., 2010
Bacillus sp. Strain 27; Rhodococcus sp. Strain 36	Bacteria	Polypropylene mps	4–6.4	Auta et al., 2018
Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus; Brevibacillus agri; Brevibacillus sp.; Brevibacillus brevis	Bacteria	Polypropylene film and pellets	22.8–27.0	Skariyachan et al., 2018
Stenotrophomonas panacihumi	Bacteria	Polypropylene film	_	Jeon and Kim, 2016
Pseudomonas citronellolis	Bacteria	Plasticized PVC film	13	Giacomucci et al., 2019
Mycobacterium sp. NK0301	Bacteria	Plasticized PVC film	_	Nakamiya et al., 2005
Poliporus versicolor; Pleurotus sajor caju	Fungus	PVC film	_	Kırbaş et al., 1999
Aspergillus sp. S45	Fungus	Polyester PUR film	15–20	Osman et al., 2018
Penicillium sp.	Fungus	Impranil DLN; polyester/polyether PUR film	8.9	Magnin et al., 2019
Acinetobacter gerneri	Bacteria	Impranil DLN	_	Howard et al., 2012
Bacillus muralis	Bacteria	Polyethylene terephthalate	_	Narciso-Ortiz et al., 2020
Zalerion maritimum	Fungus	Polyethylene	43%	Paço et al., 2017
Rhodococcus ruber	Bacteria	Polyethylene	8%	Orr et al., 2004

Tab.4

Fig.6

Tab.5

Fig.7

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