As the population and economy continue to grow globally, demand for energy will continue to grow. The transportation sector relies solely on petroleum for its energy supply. The United States and China are the top two oil-importing countries. A major issue both countries face and are addressing is energy insecurity as a result of the demand for liquid fuels. Improvements in the energy efficiency of vehicles and the substitution of petroleum fuels with alternative fuels can help contain growth in the demand for transportation oil. Although most alternative transportation fuels - when applied to advanced vehicle technologies - can substantially reduce greenhouse emissions, coal-based liquid fuels may increase greenhouse gas emissions by twice as much as gasoline. Such technologies as carbon capture and storage may need to be employed to manage the greenhouse gas emissions of coal-based fuels. At present, there is no ideal transportation fuel option to solve problems related to transportation energy and greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, research and development efforts are needed for a variety of transportation fuel options and advanced vehicle technologies.
Corresponding Author(s):
WANG Michael Quanlu,Email:mqwang@anl.gov
引用本文:
. Transportation: meeting the dual challenges of achieving energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China, 0, (): 212-225.
Michael Quanlu WANG, Hong HUO. Transportation: meeting the dual challenges of achieving energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Front Energ Power Eng Chin, 0, (): 212-225.
ethanol production stage: for a liter of ethanol producedβ
fossil energy use/MJ
0.07
10.05a
0.05
yield (per tonne of feedstock)/L
91
404a
395
co-product: electricity/kWh
0.25
none
0.15
co-product: animal feed/kg
none
2.424a
none
Tab.2
parameters
value
soybean farming stage: for a tonne of soybeans
energy use/MJ
855
N fertilizer/g
2239
P fertilizer/g
6828
K fertilizer/g
11968
soy oil extraction
energy use(per tonne of soy oil produced)/MJ
13634
yield of soy oil (per tonne of soybeans)/t
0.175
yield of co-product soy meal (per tonne of soybeans)/t
0.787
biodiesel transesterification
energy use (per tonne of biodiesel produced)/MJ
4917
methanol input (per tonne of biodiesel produced)/t
0.1
yield of biodiesel (per tonne of soy oil)/t
0.96
yield of glycerin (per tonne of soy oil)/t
0.2
Tab.3
parameters
methanol
DME
FTD
NG
production energy efficiency/%
67.5
70.0
63.0
coal
production energy efficiency/%
58.0
54.9
50.0
CO2 emissions, no CCS (per MJ of fuel produced)/g
114.5
126.9
139.8
CO2 emissions, with CCS(per MJ of fuel produced)/g
11.4
12.7
14.0
switchgrass
production energy efficiency/%
—
—
50.0
Tab.4
feedstock
NG
coal
switchgrass
H2 production efficiency/%
70.0
61.0
51.0
H2 compression efficiency (to 41 MPa)/%
93.9
93.9
93.9
CO2 emissions, no CCS (per MJ of fuel produced) /g
small
173.5
small
CO2 emissions, with CCS (per MJ of fuel produced) /g
—
17.3
—
Tab.5
fuel type
United States
California
China
oil
2.7
0.7
1.9
NG
18.9
41.5
0.5
coal
50.7
14.6
80.1
biomass
1.3
1.7
0
nuclear
18.7
18.9
1.9
other a
7.7
22.6
15.6
Tab.6
vehicle technology
miles per gallon
km per liter
spark-ignition ICE vehicle
23.2
9.8
compression-ignition ICE vehicle
27.8
11.8
gasoline hybrid electric vehicle
34.3
14.5
diesel hybrid electric vehicle
37.1
15.7
H2 fuel cell vehicle
53.4
22.6
electric vehicle
81.2
34.4
Tab.7
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
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