An overview of selected topics in smart grids

doi:10.1007/s11708-016-0418-6

Frontiers in Energy

2016, Vol. 10

Issue (4): 441-458 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-016-0418-6

本期目录

An overview of selected topics in smart grids

S. Hari Charan CHERUKURI,Balasubramaniyan SARAVANAN(

)

School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India

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Abstract：

Smart technologies when used in the traditional grid infrastructure will provide a different environment and working conditions in the grid by bringing the required smartness into the grid, called the smart grid. The smart grid can play a major role in the upcoming days to come because there is a necessity to integrate coordinated renewable energy resources into the grid and to operate the grids at a higher efficiency considering many aspects including reliability of the supply. Apart from this, there is a necessity to manage the demand supply gap in the smart grid by optimally scheduling the generators or by effectively scheduling the demand side resources instead of going for the traditional methods like partial or full load shedding. This paper presents an overview on the present state-of-the-art of smart grid technologies and broadly classifies the papers referred into two major areas, papers based on improvement of operational efficiency in smart grids and papers based on smartness in maintaining the demand supply gap. Some of the papers projected in this work also give a brief overview of the necessity of the smart grid.

Key words： smart grid demand side management electric springs operational efficiency

收稿日期: 2015-12-08 出版日期: 2016-11-17

Corresponding Author(s): Balasubramaniyan SARAVANAN

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2016, 10(4): 441-458.
S. Hari Charan CHERUKURI,Balasubramaniyan SARAVANAN. An overview of selected topics in smart grids. Front. Energy, 2016, 10(4): 441-458.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/10.1007/s11708-016-0418-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/Y2016/V10/I4/441

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S. No.	Brief overview of the topic	Remarks	Ref.
1	Evolution of smartness in the system in terms of reducing outages caused by momentary faults	Replacing fuses with auto re-closers in the feeder laterals will result in reducing system outages by 62% and 100% on two different lateral sections considered in the paper.	[10]
2	Looping of primary distribution systems to accommodate fluctuating power sources	The FREEDM configuration implemented will be useful to integrate renewable energy sources in distribution level and capable of handling dispatched storage devices like batteries/super capacitors.	[11]
3	Substation automation and integration of renewable energy sources and storage devices to improve grid operability	There is a necessity to develop communication and advanced control of the software like the SCADA to satisfactorily operate the integrated system.	[12]
4	Optimum power flow techniques to improve the grid operability and efficiency	In order to achieve higher computational speed for varying load conditions in smart grid environment, the DOPF algorithm can be used because it has a higher computation speed.	[13]
5	Distribution system reconfiguration in order to improve the system efficiency in terms of loss reduction	Power system reconfiguration helps reduce the real power loss in distribution systems to a great extent and it can be stated that by application of any optimization algorithms, the loss reduction is≥30 for any type of algorithm used in the literature.	[16]
6	Smart reconfiguration	The concept of smart reconfiguration which is suitable for varying load conditions can be more smarter in terms of reducing the power loss than the methodology used in Ref. [16].	[17]
7	Placement of DGs in the distribution system in order to improve the system efficiency by reducing the real power losses	Placement of DGs in the system helps reduce power consumption from the main grid because DGs supply the loads locally and hence there will be power loss reduction in the distribution system. This placement of DGs uses optimization algorithms to optimally size and from the literature it is clear that using any type of algorithms reduces the power loss by≥50%.	[19]
8	Placement of renewable DGs in the transmission system considering generation stochasticity	Placement of uncertain DGs has been attempted where there is a healthy grid interaction whenever there is deficit in power generated by the DGs which is effective and smart for current scenario.	[20]
9	Minimization of reactive power drawn from the grids to improve reactive power handling efficiency	By coordinated control of OLTCs and making the DGs run near to unity power factor there can be a substantial reduction in reactive power drawn from the main grid which is a drawback in Refs [18–20]. and the reactive power drawn from the grid is almost ‘zero’ most of the time.	[24]
10	Combined operation of DGs and base load plants	Islanding operation of renewable DGs is possible and there is a necessity to make the base load plants such as the gas turbine power plants operational whenever required to improve the quality of power supplied which means that there is a need to incorporate renewable as well as non-renewable energy sources in order to improve the system operational efficiency.	[26]

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S.No.	Brief overview of the topic	Remarks	Ref.
1	Generation scheduling	Effective in managing demand supply gap; the methods covered are useful and effective in scheduling the generation considering the fact that generation stochasticity is more important for future smart grids	[27,28]
2	DSM	One of the powerful techniques useful to manage demand supply gap and useful for achieving control over fuel consumption	[29]
3	GUI based DSM model	A GUI based DSM model which is capable of changing the characteristics of the load curve has been developed which is user friendly and results in an electricity bill reduction of 33%	[33]
4	Online model for DSM	DSM model which uses two way communication for its operation and effectively solves the proposed mathematical model using linear programming which is quite easier than the use of BPSO as in Ref. [33]	[34]
5	Better optimization model in DSM	Although fuzzy dynamic programming is capable of solving complex problems, the use of BPSO can be recommended for solving DSM problems because BPSO proves better in many cases than FDP	[35]
6	DSM based on price prediction	DSM and price prediction methodologies if used hand in hand will give better results in terms of reducing the demand supply gap	[36]
7	Linearized DSM model for energy cost reduction	Use of convex energy cost model for DSM problems will make the methodology simple and the cost reduction is around 15% and the peak to average ratio for the considered curve is reduced to a little extent	[37]
8	Introduction of storage	Introduction of storage in the grids and by installing energy hubs, the demand supply gap can be tackled, which is different from generation scheduling and DSM	[38-40]
9	Energy hub	By looking at the different investment options available, if the gap in demand and supply is less, one can simply go for installation of CHP unit alone in the energy hub and if the system is vulnerable for larger variations and if the cost is a constraint, the CHP unit and heat DSM scheme can be preferred	[40]
10	Energy storage by means of electric vehicles	Electric vehicles are also capable of contributing their part in managing the demand supply gap because most of the time EVs will be in parking lots	[42-44]
11	Use of secondary batteries to reduce the demand supply gap	Using batteries from the EVs after their gridable period is an excellent option to improve the storage and battery purchase cost in the system	[45]
12	Electric springs	Very new technology presented in the literature which will be useful in reducing the demand supply gap in a different way. For a system which runs on battery support during un-certainties in power generation, the battery storage requirement is reduced by 50% and 10% for the cases considered, which means that the demand supply gap can be effectively handled with reduced storage requirement	[52-53]

Tab.11

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