Absorption heat pump attracts increasing attention due to its advantages in low grade thermal energy utilization. It can be applied for waste heat reuse to save energy consumption, reduce environment pollution, and bring considerable economic benefit. In this paper, three important aspects for absorption heat pump for waste heat reuse are reviewed. In the first part, different absorption heat pump cycles are classified and introduced. Absorption heat pumps for heat amplification and absorption heat transformer for temperature upgrading are included. Both basic single effect cycles and advanced cycles for better performance are introduced. In the second part, different working pairs, including the water based working pairs, ammonia based working pairs, alcohol based working pairs, and halogenated hydrocarbon based working pairs, for absorption heat pump are classified based on the refrigerant. In the third part, the applications of the absorption heat pump and absorption heat transformer for waste heat reuse in different industries are introduced. Based on the reviews in the three aspects, essential summary and future perspective are presented at last.
High COP, seldom researched, COPth = 2.14–2.2, COPexp =1.67 [22,23]
Double lift cycle
Large temperature lift, seldom researched,COPth = 1.34 [24]
GAX cycle
High COP, feasible with ammonia-water,COP= 1.6–2.2 [17,25–28]
Open cycle
Simple system, work with moist gas,COP= 1.55–1.97 [29–31]
Temperature lift
Single stage cycle
Basic cycle, widely used, COP= 0.3–0.5[32–40]
Double stage cycle
Three coupling configurations, absorption-evaporationcoupling has a better performance, COP= 0.22–0.33 [47–50]
Double absorption cycle
Large temperature lift, simple, widelyused, COP= 0.2–0.33 [33, 51–55]
Double effect cycle
High COP, small temperature lift,seldom used, COPexp = 0.58 [56]
Triple absorption cycle
Large temperature lift, complicated,COP= 0.21–0.26 [57–59]
Absorption-demixing cycle
No generation, high theoretical COP,small temperature lift [43–46]
Tab.1
Refrigerant
Classification
Working pair
Feature
Water
LiBr-water
LiBr-water [22–24,32,38,39]
Widely used, crystallization risk,corrosive
Carrol-water [35–37,47,60,61]
Solubility of LiBr is increased to80%
Additive 1-octanol [62–63]
Slightly better COP than LiBr-water
Additive 2-ethyl-1-hexanol [62–63]
Better COP than LiBr-water
Binary salt-water
CaCl2-water[54,64–66]
Low cost, acceptable COP
LiCl-water [65–66]
Better performance than CaCl2-water
LiI-water [67]
Low temperature lift, good COP
KNO3-water[57]
Higher working temperature than LiBr-water
Multi salt-water
LiBr+ LiNO3-water [18]
5% higher COP than LiBr-water, lesscorrosive
LiBr+ LiI+ LiNO3 + LiC-water [69]
Better performance, lager solubility
CaCl2-ZnCl2-water [70]
Larger temperature lift than binarysolution
LiCl-ZnCl2-water[70]
Better performance than CaCl2–ZnCl2-water
Acid and lye
NaOH-water [16,40,73]
Smaller COP than LiBr-water, corrosive
NaOH-KOH-CsOH-water [74]
High output temperature for heat pump
H2SO4-water [48,71,72]
High COP, highly corrosive
Ammonia
Ammonia-water
Ammonia-water [17,25-27,75]
Widely used, need of ratification
Salt-water-ammonia
LiBr-water-ammonia [76]
COP 0.05 lower than binary mixture
KOH-water-ammonia [77]
Less rectification
Salt-ammonia
NaSCN-ammonia [78]
No rectification, possible crystallization
LiNO3-ammonia[15,78]
Lower driven temperature than NaSCN-NH3
Organics
Alcohol based
E181/Pyr/NMP-TFE [49,79-84]
Non-corrosive,low thermal conductivity,suitable for high working temperature
LiBr-CH3OH[16]
Sub-zero condition, low COP
Ternary CH3OH working pairs [85]
Sub-zero condition, low COP
Halogenated hydrocarbon based
DMF-R21, DMF-R22 [86]
DMF-R21 has better performance
DEGDME-R22, TEGDME-R22 [12,87]
COP of 1.25 for absorption heat pump,DEGDME-R22 has better performance
R134a/R32. DMF-HFC32, R124 based working pair [88–90]
Only property of working pair hasbeen studied
Tab.2
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
Fig.17
Fig.18
Fig.19
Fig.20
Aim
Application
Features
Heat amplification
Power plant
Flue gas from biomass boiler was reused,heat output at 90°C was used for district heating, COP= 1.6 for37000 h of operation, payback period was 5.4 years [8]
Gas boiler
Flue gas from boiler was reused, heatoutput was used for preheating of water, COP= 1.6–1.75, boilerefficiency was increased by 5.5%–12% [14,19]
Waste processing
Exhaust moist air from rotting processwas reused, heat output at 82°C was used for heating network,COP= 1.6–1.65 [91]
Drying process
Exhaust air from dryer was reused,heat output was used to preheat the ambient air into dryer, air washeated to 50°C–100°C by two stage cycle with COP of1.4–1.34, air was heated to 50°C–60°C by singleeffect cycle with COP of 1.73–1.68 [24]
Metal processing
Heat from cutting machine, weldingmachine and other machines was reused, heat output was reused fordrying, washing and heating, payback period was 4 years, and 40% CO2 emission was reduced [16]
Temperature lift
Paper industry
Contaminated steam from Kraft pulpprocess at 96°C was reused by double lift cycle, clean steam wasproduced with COP of 0.35 [92,93]
Oil industry
(1) Waste hot water from heavy oilproduction was recovered by open absorption heat transformer, wasteheat was elevated from 70°C to 125°C, and steam at 120°Cwas produced for oil reservoir [94] (2) Condensation heat from top ofdistillation column at 82°C was reused, steam at 155°C wasproduced for the bottom of distillation column, and 43% – 33%energy consumption was saved [33]
Chemical industry
(1) Steam at 100°C from ethyleneamine plant was reused, steam at 145°C was produced, measuredheat capacity was 6.7 MW, COP= 0.49, payback period was two years,internal corrosion happened [8] (2) Steam at 100°C from oleochemicalplant was reused, steam at 134°C was produced, COP= 0.45, paybackperiod was 18 months [95]
Rubber industry
Steam and organic vapor mixture at98°C from coacervation section was reused, 110°C hot waterwas produced, COP= 0.47 for temperature lift of 25°C, heat capacitywas 5000 kW, payback period was 2 years [38]
Textile industry
Hot water at 90°C from cogenerationplant was reused, heat output at 130°C was used for water heating,COP= 0.428 [97]
CO2 capture
Condensate at 128°C from reboilerwas reused, heat output at 152°C was used to preheat the waterinto flash evaporator, COP= 0.5, overall energy consumption was reducedby 2.62%, payback period was 2.4 years [98]
Tab.3
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