ABDALLA Abdalla M.1,2(), HOSSAIN Shahzad1,3, PETRA Pg MohdIskandr4, GHASEMI Mostafa5, AZAD Abul K.4
1. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, JalanTungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam 2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt 3. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, GPO Box No 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh 4. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, JalanTungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam 5. Petroleum Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
Achievements and trends of solid oxide fuel cells in clean energy field: a perspective review
Abdalla M. ABDALLA1,2(), Shahzad HOSSAIN1,3, Pg MohdIskandr PETRA4, Mostafa GHASEMI5, Abul K. AZAD4
1. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, JalanTungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam 2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt 3. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, GPO Box No 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh 4. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, JalanTungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam 5. Petroleum Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
The main concerns in the world today, especially in the energy field, are subjected to clean, efficient, and durable sources of energy. These three aspects are the main goals that scientist are paying attention to. However, the various types of energy resources include fossil and sustainable ones, but still some challenges are chasing these kinds from energy conversion, storage, and efficiency. Hence, the most reliable and considered energy resource nowadays is the utilized one which is as highly efficient, clean, and everlasting as possible. So, in this review, an attempt is made to highlight one of the promising types as a clean and efficient energy resource. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the most efficient type of the fuel cell types involved with hydrogen and hydrocarbon-based fuels, especially when it works with combined heat and power (CHP). The importance of this type is due to its nature of work as conversion tool from chemical to electrical for generation of power without noise, pollution, and can be safely handled.
通讯作者:
ABDALLA Abdalla M.
E-mail: abdalla.m.a1984@gmail.com
Corresponding Author(s):
Abdalla M. ABDALLA
引用本文:
ABDALLA Abdalla M., HOSSAIN Shahzad, PETRA Pg MohdIskandr, GHASEMI Mostafa, AZAD Abul K.. 固体氧化物燃料电池在清洁能源领域的成就与发展:趋势综述[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2020, 14(2): 359-382.
Abdalla M. ABDALLA, Shahzad HOSSAIN, Pg MohdIskandr PETRA, Mostafa GHASEMI, Abul K. AZAD. Achievements and trends of solid oxide fuel cells in clean energy field: a perspective review. Front. Energy, 2020, 14(2): 359-382.
Experimented with high-temperature solid oxide electrodes
[22]
Bacon
1939
Researched alkaline fuel cells
[22]
DuPont, Parkersburg, West Virginia
1950
Teflon is used in membranes
[22,23,25]
Grubb
1955
Developed a sulfonated PEMFC
[22,23]
Brores and Ketelar
1958
Built a molten carbonate fuel cell
[22]
Central Technical Institute
1959
Researched SOFCs
[22]
IFC, Windsor Connecticut
1960
Developed a fuel cell power plant for the Apollo spacecraft
[22]
Elmore and Tanner
1961
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
[22]
IFC, Windsor Connecticut
1970
Oil crises, and developed a more powerful alkaline fuel cell for NASA’s space shuttle Orbiter
[22,25]
NASA jet propulsion
1990
First direct methanol fuel cell
[22,23]
Bauch up power
2007
Fuel cell being to be commercially sold as APU & stationary equipment’s power generation.
[22,25]
Honda
2008
Announced first mass production of fuel cell cars FCX clarity
[25]
Portable fuel cell chargers
2009
Residential micro fuel cell-CHP become commercially available in Japan
[25]
Tab.1
Fig.5
Fig.6
Parameters
Type of fuel cell
PEMFC
AFC
PAFC
MCFC
SOFC
Ref.
Electrolyte
Hydrated polymeric ion exchange membranes
Mobilised or immobilized potassium hydroxide in asbestos matrix
Immobilised liquid phosphoric acid in SiC
Immobilised liquid molten carbonate in LiAlO2
Perovskites (ceramics)
[25,31]
Electrodes
Carbon
Transition metals
Carbon
Nickel and nickel oxide
Perovskite and perovskite/metal cermet
[25,32]
Catalyst
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Electrode material
Electrode material
[33–36]
Interconnect
Carbon or metal
Metal
Graphite
Stainless steel or nickel
Nickel, ceramic, or steel
[25,37]
Operating temperature/°C
40–80
65–220
205
650
600–1000
[25,31]
Charge carrier
H+
OH-
H+
CO3 =
O =
[25,38]
External reformer for hydrocarbon fuels
Yes
Yes
Yes
No, for some fuels
No, for some fuels and cell designs
[25,39]
External shift conversion of CO to hydrogen
Yes+ purification to remove trace CO
Yes+ purification to remove CO and CO2
Yes
No
No
[38,40]
Prime cell components
Carbon-based
Carbon-based
Graphite-based
Stainless-based
Ceramic
[25,31]
Product water management
Evaporative
Evaporative
Evaporative
Gaseous product
Gaseous product
[25,31]
Product heat management
Process gas+ liquid cooling medium
Process gas+ electrolyte circulation
Process gas+ liquid cooling medium or steam generation
Internal reforming+ process gas
Internal reforming+ process gas
[25,31]
Tab.2
Design
Fabrication method
Electrolyte
Electrodes
Interconnect
Tubular concept
CVD/EVD, plasma spraying
Slurry coating, plasma spraying, CVD/EVD
EVD, plasma spraying
Monolithic
Calender rolling, laminating, co-sintering
Calender rolling, laminating, co-sintering
Calender rolling, laminating, co-sintering
Planar
Tape casting, calender rolling
Screen printing, slurry coating
Ceramic or metal processing
Roller
Tape casting/co-sintering
Tape casting/co-sintering
Tape casting/co-sintering
Tab.3
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Materials
DC conductivity/(S?cm-1)
Advantage/disadvantage
Ref.
Sc0.1Y0.1Zr0.6Ti0.2O1.9
0.14
Operate at high temperature
[51]
La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.8Cr0.2O3
0.5
Low conductivity
[52]
La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.95Ru0.05O3
0.6
Expensive
[8,53]
(La0.7Sr0.3)1–xCexCr1–xNixO3
5.03
Carbon deposition
[54]
Sr0.88Y0.08TiO3
64
High operating temperature
[55]
CrTi2O5
177
Expensive
[8,56]
Ni-YSZ
250
High operating temperature
[57]
Ti0.34Nb0.66O2
340
Very expensive
[58]
LaSrTiO2
360
No compatibility
[59]
Ni-SDC
573
Coke formation
[8,60]
Ni-GDC
1070
Coke formation, and electronic performance degradation
[8,61]
Cu-CeO2
5200
Improved electronic conductivity
[8,62]
Cu-GDCCrTi2O5
8500
Good thermal expansion, and electronic performance
[8,63]
Tab.4
Composition
TEC × 10-6/k-1
T/°C
se/(S?cm-1)
La0.8Sr0.2MnO3
11.8
900
300
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3
11.7
800
240
La0.6Sr0.4MnO3
13
800
130
Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3
12
950
220
La0.8Sr0.2CoO3
19.1
800
1220
La0.6Sr0.4CoO3
20.5
800
1600
La0.8Sr0.2FeO3
12.2
750
150
La0.5Sr0.5FeO3
-
550
352
-
800
369
La0.6Sr0.4FeO3
16.3
800
129
Pr0.5Sr0.2FeO3
13.2
550
300
Pr0.8Sr0.2FeO3
12.1
800
78
La0.7Sr0.3Fe0.8Ni0.2O3
13.7
750
290
La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3
20.1
600
1050
La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Ni0.8O3
15.4
600
125
La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Mn0.2O3
18.1
500
1400
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3
21.4
800
269
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3
15.3
600
330
La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.8O3
16.8
600
La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3
14.8
800
87
La0.2Sr0.8Co0.8Fe0.2O3
19.3
800
1000
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.9Fe0.1O3
19.2
700
1400
Pr0.8Sr0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3
12.8
800
76
Pr0.7Sr0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3
11.1
800
200
Pr0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3
19.69
550
950
Pr0.4Sr0.6Co0.8Fe0.2O3
21.33
550
600
Pr0.7Sr0.3Co0.9Fe0.1O3
-
700
1236
Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3
20
500
30
Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3
20.5
700-900
>1000
LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3
11.4
800
580
Sr0.9Ce0.1Fe0.8Ni0.2O3
18.9
800
87
Tab.5
Fig.12
Structure
Lattice
Chemical formula
Caesiumchloride
SC
AX
Rock salt
FCC
AX
Fluorite
FCC
AX2
Silicates
FCC
AX2
Corundum
Hexagonal
A2X3
Perovskites
SC
ABX3-A2B2X6
Spinel
FCC
AB2X4
Diamond
FCC
Graphite
Hexagonal
Tab.6
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
Fig.17
Fig.18
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Substrate
Temperature/°C
Ref.
Pt
Pt
8YSZ
Foturan, silicon wafer
450–550
[103]
Ni
LSCF
GDC
-
450–550
[113]
Ni
LSM
8YSZ
-
400–700
[114]
Pt
Pt, LSCF
8YSZ
Foturan, glass-ceramic
400–600
[115]
Pt
Pt
8YSZ
Silicon wafer, SiO2
500
[116]
Pt
Pt
8YSZ
Silicon wafer, Si3N4
350–400
[117]
Pt
Pt
8YSZ, CGO
Silicon wafer, Si3N4
350
[118]
Ru
Pt
8YSZ
Silicon wafer, Si3N4
265–350
[119]
Pt
Pt
8YSZ
Silicon wafer, Si3N4
400–450
[120]
Ni
Pt, LSCF
CGO
Ni plate
450
[121]
Ni
Pt
8YSZ
Porous Ni
370–400
[122]
Ni+ SDC
BSCF+ SDC
SDC
-
500–600
[123]
Tab.7
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Substrate
Temperature/°C
Ref.
Ni
-
GDC(LiNa)C3
-
450–550
[127]
Ni
LSM-YSZ
ScSZ
-
700
[128]
-
LSCF-GDC
GDC
-
650–850
[129]
Pt
LSCF
YSZ
Silicon wafer, Si3N4
450–500
[130]
Ni-SDC
SSC
ScSZ
-
600–700
[131]
Ru
Pt
CGO-YSZ
-
470–520
[132]
Pt
Pt
YSZ
350–500
[133]
Ni
Pt
YSZ
-
600
[134]
Tab.8
Fig.19
Fig.20
Fig.21
Fig.22
Fig.23
Fig.24
Fig.25
SOFCs parameters
Merits/strength
Limitation/weakness
Opportunity/availability
Threat/handling
Cost
*
*
Efficiency
*
Power density
*
Fuel utilization
*
*
Degradation rate
*
Materials
*
*
*
*
Design
*
*
*
*
Manufacturability
*
*
Durability
*
*
*
Environmental impact
*
*
*
Modularity
*
*
Scalability
*
Economic entitlement
*
*
Applications
*
*
*
*
Transportation and storage
*
*
Technological developments
*
*
*
Life time
*
*
Tab.9
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