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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

邮发代号 80-972

2019 Impact Factor: 2.657

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Frontiers in Energy  2021, Vol. 15 Issue (3): 600-620   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0737-0
  本期目录
State-of-the-art progress in overall water splitting of carbon nitride based photocatalysts
Bing LUO1, Yuxin ZHAO1(), Dengwei JING2()
1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
2. International Research Center for Renewable Energy and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Abstract：

Converting solar energy into hydrogen (H2) by photocatalytic water splitting is a promising approach to simultaneously address the increasing energy demand and environmental issues. Half decade has passed since the discovery of photo-induced water splitting phenomenon on TiO2 photoanode, while the solar to H2 efficiency is still around 1%, far below the least industrial requirement. Therefore, developing efficient photocatalyst with a high energy conversion efficiency is still one of the main tasks to be overcome. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is just such an emerging and potential semiconductor. Therefore, in this review, the state-of-the-art advances in g-C3N4 based photocatalysts for overall water splitting were summarized in three sections according to the strategies used, and future challenges and new directions were discussed.
Key words： photocatalysis    overall water splitting    carbon nitride    hydrogen
收稿日期: 2020-11-16      出版日期: 2021-10-09
Corresponding Author(s): Yuxin ZHAO,Dengwei JING   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2021, 15(3): 600-620.
Bing LUO, Yuxin ZHAO, Dengwei JING. State-of-the-art progress in overall water splitting of carbon nitride based photocatalysts. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(3): 600-620.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/10.1007/s11708-021-0737-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/Y2021/V15/I3/600
Fig.1  
Fig.2  
Fig.3  
Fig.4  
Fig.5  
Cocatalyst Light source Efficiency HER/(mmol·h−1) H2/O2 Mass/mg Ref.
IrO2 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm AQY: 2.1% not mention the light wavelength 45 2.25 30 [34]
Pt, PtOx, and CoOx 300 W Xe lamp, λ>300 nm AQY: 0.3% at 405 nm 12.2 1.94 200 [35]
Pt and CoP 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 2.1 2.10 80 [36]
Pt and Co3O4 300 W Xe lamp, λ>300 nm NA 3.1 2.10 20 [15]
Rh-RhOx 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm AQY: 0.1% at 420 nm 1.4 2.30 50 [37]
PtMOx and Co3O4 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 4.9% at 420 nm 2.38 1.99 50 [38]
Pt/Ni(OH)2 and Pt 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 4.2% at 420 nm 26.60 2.10 20 [39]
Pt and Ni(OH)2 150 W Xe lamp, 200 nm<λ<2500 nm AQY: 1.48% at 405 nm 15.5 1.99 200 [40]
Pt/Ni(OH)2/CN 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 1.8% at 420 nm 4.257 2.12 10 [41]
Pt-Au single-sites 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 3% at 420 nm 8.55 2.00 30 [48]
Pt and Ru Not mention, λ>350 nm NA 2.49 2.18 50 [49]
C dots 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 16% at 420 nmSTH: 2% ~8.4 2.02 80 [50]
C dots 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 0.25 2.00 50 [51]
Amorphous NiO 300 W Xe lamp, 420 nm<λ<700 nm NA 1.41 1.99 50 [52]
CoO 300 W Xe lamp, 420 nm<λ<700 nm NA 0.46 2.19 80 [53]
MnO2 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 3.82% at 420 nm 5.53 2.00 100 [54]
CNT and MnO2 70 W metal halide lamp, 380 nm<λ<780 nm NA 122 About 2.00 30 [55]
Mn2Co2C at C and MoOOH 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 1.45% at 20 nm 8.876 2.05 150 [56]
Co1-phosphide single sites 300 W Xe lamp, λ>300 nm AQY: 2.2% at 500 nm 8.206 2.00 20 [57]
WC1–x 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 11.24% at 420 nm 3.364 2.02 40 [58]
Tab.1  
Fig.6  
Fig.7  
Sample Light source Efficiency HER/(μmol·h−1) H2/O2 Mass/mg Other cocatalysts Ref.
3D CNNS 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 1.4% at 420 nm 5.07 2.07 50 1 wt% Pt
3 wt% IrO2		 [59]
3D Sea-urchin-like CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 0.43% at 420 nm 1.04 2.04 25 3 wt% Pt [60]
Alkali etched CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 9.34 2.03 10 2 wt% Pt CQDs [61]
Laser exfoliated CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 0.426 2.28 10 1.4 wt% Pt [62]
(Cring)-CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 5% at 420 nm 11.13 2.00 30 about 3 wt % Pt [63]
Cco-CN 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 5.28% at 400 nm 15.9 2.08 30 None [64]
Benzene ring incorporated CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>450 nm AQY: 2.1% at 450 nm 7 NA 5 1 wt% Pt [65]
Na-CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 1.45% at 420 nm
STH: 0.28%		 31.5 2.07 100 1 wt% Pt [66]
K/B co-doped CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 1.18 2.03 NA None [70]
PTI?HCl 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 2.1% at 380 nm about 65 about 2.00 100 1% Pt
9 wt% CoOx		 [75]
PTI-550 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 8% at 365 nm 189 2.08 120 1wt% Pt
0.5 wt% Co		 [76]
Tab.2  
Fig.8  
Fig.9  
Fig.10  
Sample Conditions Efficiency HER/(μmol·h−1) H2/O2 Mass/mg Other cocatalysts Ref.
CoO/CN LED, λ>400 nm NA 2.51 1.81 50 None [77]
CoO Nanorod/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm AQY: 2.9% not mention the light wavelength 54 2.16 30 3 wt% Pt [78]
2D/2D Co3(PO4)2/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm AQY: 1.32% at 420 nm 18.78 2.12 50 None [79]
LaOCl-Coupled CN 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 0.4% at 380 nm 22.3 2.08 50 0.5 wt% Pt and 0.2 wt% CoOx [80]
P25/CN Xe lamp AQY: 0.96% at 350 nm 3.742 About 2.00 10 2 wt% Pt [81]
MnOx/CN/TiO2/Au 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 4.8 2.04 100 None [82]
CdS/Ni2P/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 0.778 2.01 50 None [83]
MnOx/CN/CdS/Pt 300 W Xe lamp NA 65.17 2.03 50 None [84]
MnOx/CN/CdS/Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm AQY: 3.39% at 400 nm 9.244 2.01 10 None [85]
CdSe QDs/P-CN 300 W Xe lamp, l>420 nm NA 5.65 2.04 50 1 wt% Pt [86]
CN (3 wt% Pt) – NaI – WO3 (0.5 wt% Pt) 300 W Xe lamp NA 22.2 2.00 300 None [87]
CN (3 wt% Pt) – NaI – WO3(0.5 wt% Pt) 300 W Xe lamp, λ>395 nm NA 6.36 1.93 300 None [87]
CN/BiVO4, Fe2+/Fe3+ 300 W Xe lamp AQY: 1.8% at 420 nm 81.6 2.02 50 2 wt% Pt [88]
2D α-Fe2O3/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 1.91 2.00 50 3 wt% Pt
0.1 wt% RuO2		 [89]
Mn doped Fe2O3/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 51 2.05 30 1 wt% Pt [90]
Fe2O3/rGO/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 43.6 2.06 40 Pt [92]
CN@a-Fe2O3/Co-Pi 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm NA 0.196 NA 20 None [93]
a-Fe2O3@MnO2/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>190 nm NA 124 2.07 30 None [94]
CN/BiFeO3 125 W Hg lamp with an UV filter NA 0.933 2.01 40 None [95]
Mn defective MnO2/Monolayer CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 1.212 2.10 20 3 wt% Pt [96]
WO3?H2O/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 6.2% at 420 nm 48.2 2.07 100 None [97]
WO3/rGO/CN 250 W halide lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 0.9% at 420 nm 2.84 1.95 200 1 wt% Pt [98]
BiVO4/CN 300 W Xe lamp, λ>400 nm NA 15.6 2.14 100 3 wt% Pt [99]
TiO2/CN/WO3/β-Ni(OH)2/ 150W Xe lamp; NaI as redox mediator AQY: 2.04% at 425 nm 50.2 2.07 100 1 wt% Pt
PtOx		 [101]
CN p-n homojunction/Ti3C2 300 W Xe lamp, λ>420 nm AQY: 8.7% at 350 nm 6.271 2.05 10 3 wt% Pt [108]
Tab.3  
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