Review of the LNG intermediate fluid vaporizer and its heat transfer characteristics

doi:10.1007/s11708-021-0747-y

Frontiers in Energy

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3): 429-444 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0747-y

本期目录

Review of the LNG intermediate fluid vaporizer and its heat transfer characteristics

Shu LI, Yonglin JU(

)

Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

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Abstract：

The intermediate fluid vaporizer (IFV), different from other liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporizers, has many advantages and has shown a great potential for future applications. In this present paper, studies of IFV and its heat transfer characteristics in the LNG vaporization unit E2 are systematically reviewed. The research methods involved include theoretical analysis, experimental investigation, numerical simulation, and process simulation. First, relevant studies on the overall calculation and system design of IFV are summarized, including the structural innovation design, the thermal calculation model, and the selection of different intermediate fluids. Moreover, studies on the fluid flow and heat transfer behaviors of the supercritical LNG inside the tubes and the condensation heat transfer of the intermediate fluid outside the tubes are summarized. In the thermal calculations of the IFV, the selections of the existing heat transfer correlations about the intermediate fluids are inconsistent in different studies, and there lacks the accuracy evaluation of those correlations or comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, corresponding experiments or numerical simulations on the cryogenic condensation heat transfer outside the tubes in the IFV need to be further improved, compared to those in the refrigeration and air-conditioning temperature range. Therefore, suggestions for further studies of IFV are provided as well.

Key words： intermediate fluid vaporizer design of structure and intermediate fluid condensation heat transfer

收稿日期: 2020-12-20 出版日期: 2022-07-07

Corresponding Author(s): Yonglin JU

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2022, 16(3): 429-444.
Shu LI, Yonglin JU. Review of the LNG intermediate fluid vaporizer and its heat transfer characteristics. Front. Energy, 2022, 16(3): 429-444.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/10.1007/s11708-021-0747-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/Y2022/V16/I3/429

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Fig.3

Units	Segments	Heat transfer correlations			References
E1	Seawater inside the tube		$N u = 0.023 R e 0 .8 P r 0 .3$		Ref [16]
	Intermediate fluid outside the tube	Single tube	$h N = 1 = 90 q 0.67 M − 0.5 P r n (− lg P r) ? − 0.55$		Ref [17]
			$N u N = 1 = 207 P r L 0.533 (q D b λ L T sat) 0.745 (ρ V ρ L) 0.581$		Ref. [18]
			$h N = 1 = F q F p r F R F wm ? 3580 P f 0.6$		Ref [19]
			$h N = 1 = f wm q 0.9 − 0.3 P r 0.2 P r 0.45 [− log (P r)] − 0.8 × R a 0.2 M − 0.5$		Ref [20]
			$h N = 1 = 10 λ L D b [q D b λ L T sat] C 1 P r 0.1 (1 − T r) − 1.4 × P r L − 0.25$		Ref [21]
			$h N = 1 = 41.4 λ L D b [q D b λ L T sat] C 2 (− log 10 P r) − 1.52 × (1 − ρ V ρ L) 0.53$		Ref [22]
		Tube bundle	$h N h N = 1 = 1 + 0.345 C A P r − 1.4 q − 1 × exp {− 0.37 P r − 0.4 [ln (q C q P r − 0.7)] 2}$		Ref [20].
E2	Supercritical LNG inside the tube		$N u = 0.0156 R e 0.82 P r 0.5 (ρ w ρ b) 0.3 (C ‾ p C p b) n$		Ref. [23]
			$N u = 0.021 R e 0.82 P r 0.5 (ρ w ρ b) 0.3 (C ‾ p C p b) n$		Ref. [24]
	Intermediate fluid outside the tube	Single tube	$h N = 1 = C [r g λ L 3 ρ L 2 η L d (T sat − T w)] 1 / 4$	C= 0.725 C= 0.729 C= 0.79	Ref. [25] Ref. [26] Ref. [27]
		Tube bundle	$h N = h N = 1 ? N − 1 / 6$		Ref. [28]
			$N u = {N u g 4 + (N u g ? N u f) 2 + N u f 4} 1 / 4$		Ref. [29]
E3	Seawater inside the tube		$N u = 0.023 R e 0.8 P r 0.3$		Ref. [16]
	Supercritical NG in shell		$N u = C (s 1 s 2) k R e f n P r f m (P r f / P r w) r$		Ref. [30]

Tab.2

Fig.4

IF	$T sat$ /K
R1270	225.53
R290	231.04
R600a	261.40
R600	272.66
DME	248.37
R134a	247.08
R22	232.34

Tab.3

Fig.5

Fig.6

Tab.4

Fig.7

Fig.8

Tab.5

Fig.9

Fig.10

c	Specific heat of material/(J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹)
C_p	Constant-pressure heat capacity/(J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹)
$C ¯ p$	Averaged constant-pressure heat capacity/(J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹)
d	Tube outside diameter/m
D_b	Equilibrium breakoff bubble diameter/m
f_wm	Heat surface material parameter
F_P_r	Influence term of reduced pressure
F_q	Influence term of heat flux
F_R	Influence term of surface roughness
F_wm	Influence term of wall material
g	Gravitational acceleration/(m·s⁻²)
h	Heat transfer coefficient/(W·m⁻²·K⁻¹)
M	Molecular mass/(kg·kmol⁻¹)
P_r	Reduced pressure
Pr	Prandtl number
q	Heat flux/(W·m⁻²)
Nu	Nusselt number
Nu_g	Heat transfer contribution driven by the gravity
Nu_f	Heat transfer contribution by the inertia force of vapor speed
r	Latent heat/(J?kg⁻¹)
Re	Reynolds number
Ra	Mean roughness height/μm
s₁	Tube pitch in the vertical direction of flow/m
s₂	Tube pitch in the direction of flow/m
T	Temperature/K
T_r	Reduced temperature
λ	Thermal conductivity/(W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹)
ρ	Density/(kg·m⁻³)
σ	Surface tension/(N·m⁻¹)
η	Viscosity/(Pa·s)
b	Averaged parameter
f	Fluid
L	Saturated liquid state
N	Tube row number
sat	Saturated state
v	Saturated vapor state
w	Wall

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