To solve resource, energy, and environmental issues, development of sustainable clean energy system is strongly required. In recent years, hydrogen has been paid much attention to as a clean energy. Solar hydrogen production by water splitting using a photocatalyst as artificial photosynthesis is a promising method to solve these issues. Efficient utilization of visible light comprised of solar light is essential for practical use. Three strategies, i.e., doping, control of valence band, and formation of solid solution are often utilized as the useful methods to develop visible light responsive photocatalysts. This mini-review introduces the recent work on visible-light-driven photocatalysts developed by substitution with metal cations of those strategies.
A Kudo, H Kato, I Tsuji. Strategies for the development of visible-light-driven photocatalysts for water splitting. ChemInform, 2004, 33(12): 1534–1539 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.1534
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A Kudo, Y Miseki. Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chemical Society Reviews, 2009, 38(1): 253–278 https://doi.org/10.1039/B800489G
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A Kudo, K Omori, H Kato. A novel aqueous process for preparation of crystal form-controlled and highly crystalline BiVO4 powder from layered vanadates at room temperature and its photocatalytic and photophysical properties. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1999, 121(49): 11459–11467 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja992541y
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Y Shimodaira, H Kato, H Kobayashi, et al. Investigations of electronic structures and photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation of lead molybdate replaced with chromium(VI). Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2007, 80(5): 885–893 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.80.885
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Y Hosogi, Y Shimodaira, H Kato, et al. Role of Sn2+ in the band structure of SnM2O6 and Sn2M2O7 (M= Nb and Ta) and their photocatalytic properties. Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20(4): 1299–1307 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm071588c
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H Kato, H Kobayashi, A Kudo. Role of Ag+ in the band structures and photocatalytic properties of AgMO3 (M: Ta and Nb) with the perovskite structure. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, 106(48): 12441–12447 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp025974n
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U A Joshi, A M Palasyuk, P A Maggard. Photoelectrochemical investigation and electronic structure of a p-type CuNbO3 photocathode. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115(27): 13534–13539 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp204631a
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K Maeda, K Domen. New non-oxide photocatalysts designed for overall water splitting under visible light. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(22): 7851–7861 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp070911w
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G Hitoki, T Takata, J N Kondo, et al. An oxynitride, TaON, as an efficient water oxidation photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (λ≤500 nm). Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 2002, (16): 1698–1699 https://doi.org/10.1039/B202393H
X Wang, K Maeda, A Thomas, et al. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nature Materials, 2009, 8(1): 76–80 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2317
A Ishikawa, T Takata, J N Kondo, et al. Oxysulfide Sm2Ti2S2O5 as a stable photocatalyst for water oxidation and reduction under visible light irradiation (λ≤650 nm). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002, 124(45): 13547–13553 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0269643
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Q Wang, M Nakabayashi, T Hisatomi, et al. Oxysulfide photocatalyst for visible-light-driven overall water splitting. Nature Materials, 2019, 18(8): 827–832 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0399-z
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M Moriya, T Minegishi, H Kumagai, et al. Stable hydrogen evolution from CdS-modified CuGaSe2 photoelectrode under visible-light irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(10): 3733–3735 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja312653y
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I Tsuji, H Kato, A Kudo. Visible-light-induced H2 evolution from an aqueous solution containing sulfide and sulfite over a ZnS-CuInS2-AgInS2 solid-solution photocatalyst. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2005, 44(23): 3565–3568 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200500314
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T Kajiwara, K Hashimoto, T Kawai, et al. Dynamics of luminescence from Ru(bpy)3Cl2 adsorbed on semiconductor surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1982, 86(23): 4516–4522 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100220a013
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R Abe, K Hara, K Sayama, et al. Steady hydrogen evolution from water on Eosin Y-fixed TiO2 photocatalyst using a silane-coupling reagent under visible light irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 2000, 137(1): 63–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(00)00351-8
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K Maeda, M Eguchi, S H A Lee, et al. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from hexaniobate nanoscrolls and calcium niobate nanosheets sensitized by ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complexes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(18): 7962–7969 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp900842e
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R Niishiro, H Kato, A Kudo. Nickel and either tantalum or niobium-codoped TiO2 and SrTiO3 photocatalysts with visible-light response for H2 or O2 evolution from aqueous solutions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2005, 7(10): 2241–2245 https://doi.org/10.1039/b502147b
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H Kato, A Kudo. Visible-light-response and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 and SrTiO3 photocatalysts codoped with antimony and chromium. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, 106(19): 5029–5034 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0255482
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R Konta, T Ishii, H Kato, et al. Photocatalytic activities of noble metal ion doped SrTiO3 under visible light irradiation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(26): 8992–8995 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200437021
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R Niishiro, R Konta, H Kato, et al. Photocatalytic O2 evolution of rhodium and antimony-codoped rutile-type TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(46): 17420–17426 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp074707k
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H Kato, M Hori, R Konta, et al. Construction of Z-scheme type heterogeneous photocatalysis systems for water splitting into H2 and O2 under visible light irradiation. Chemistry Letters, 2004, 33(10): 1348–1349 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.1348
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Y Sasaki, H Kato, A Kudo. Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and [co(phen)3]3+/2+ electron mediators for overall water splitting under sunlight irradiation using Z-scheme photocatalyst system. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(14): 5441–5449 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja400238r
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Q Jia, A Iwase, A Kudo. BiVO4–Ru/SrTiO3: Rh composite Z-scheme photocatalyst for solar water splitting. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2014, 5(4): 1513 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc52810c
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K Iwashina, A Kudo. Rh-doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst electrode showing cathodic photocurrent for water splitting under visible-light irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(34): 13272–13275 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2050315
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Q Jia, K Iwashina, A Kudo. Facile fabrication of an efficient BiVO4 thin film electrode for water splitting under visible light irradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012, 109(29): 11564–11569 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204623109
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Y Yamaguchi, S Usuki, Y Kanai, et al. Selective inactivation of bacteriophage in the presence of bacteria by use of ground Rh-doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst and visible light. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(37): 31393–31400 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07786
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R Niishiro, S Tanaka, A Kudo. Hydrothermal-synthesized SrTiO3 photocatalyst codoped with rhodium and antimony with visible-light response for sacrificial H2 and O2 evolution and application to overall water splitting. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 150–151: 187–196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.12.015
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R Asai, H Nemoto, Q Jia, et al. A visible light responsive rhodium and antimony-codoped SrTiO3 powdered photocatalyst loaded with an IrO2 cocatalyst for solar water splitting. Chemical Communications: Cambridge, England, 2014, 50(19): 2543–2546 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC49279F
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H Lyu, T Hisatomi, Y Goto, et al. An Al-doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst maintaining sunlight-driven overall water splitting activity for over 1000 h of constant illumination. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2019, 10(11): 3196–3201 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC05757E
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T Takata, J Jiang, Y Sakata, et al. Photocatalytic water splitting with a quantum efficiency of almost unity. Nature, 2020, 581(7809): 411–414 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2278-9
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K Watanabe, A Iwase, A Kudo. Solar water splitting over Rh0.5Cr1.5O3-loaded AgTaO3 of a valence-band-controlled metal oxide photocatalyst. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2020, 11(9): 2330–2334 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC05909A
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K Watanabe, Y Iikubo, Y Yamaguchi, et al. Highly crystalline Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 of a photocatalyst valence-band-controlled with Bi(III) for solar water splitting. Chemical Communications, 2021, 57(3): 323–326 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC07371G
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S Suzuki, H Matsumoto, A Iwase, et al. Enhanced H2 evolution over an Ir-doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst by loading of an Ir cocatalyst using visible light up to 800 nm. Chemical Communications: Cambridge, England, 2018, 54(75): 10606–10609 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC05344H
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A Iwase, K Saito, A Kudo. Sensitization of NaMO3 (M: Nb and Ta) photocatalysts with wide band gaps to visible light by Ir doping. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2009, 82(4): 514–518 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.82.514
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A Iwase, A Kudo. Development of Ir and La-codoped BaTa2O6 photocatalysts using visible light up to 640 nm as an H2-evolving photocatalyst for Z-schematic water splitting. Chemical Communications: Cambridge, England, 2017, 53(45): 6156–6159 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC02687K
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S Suzuki, A Iwase, A Kudo. Long wavelength visible light-responsive SrTiO3 photocatalysts doped with valence-controlled Ru for sacrificial H2 and O2 evolution. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2020, 10(15): 4912–4916 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CY00600A
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A Kudo, K Ueda, H Kato, et al. Photocatalytic O2 evolution under visible light irradiation on BiVO4 in aqueous AgNO3 solution. Catalysis Letters, 1998, 53(3/4): 229–230 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019034728816
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S Tokunaga, H Kato, A Kudo. Selective preparation of monoclinic and tetragonal BiVO4 with scheelite structure and their photocatalytic properties. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13(12): 4624–4628 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0103390
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Y Hosogi, K Tanabe, H Kato, et al. Energy structure and photocatalytic activity of niobates and tantalates containing Sn(II) with a 5s2 electron configuration. Chemistry Letters, 2004, 33(1): 28–29 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.28
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R Konta, H Kato, H Kobayashi, et al. Photophysical properties and photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation of silver vanadates. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2003, 5(14): 3061 https://doi.org/10.1039/b300179b
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J Boltersdorf, P A Maggard. Silver exchange of layered metal oxides and their photocatalytic activities. ACS Catalysis, 2013, 3(11): 2547–2555 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs400466b
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H Horie, A Iwase, A Kudo. Photocatalytic properties of layered metal oxides substituted with silver by a molten AgNO3 treatment. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(27): 14638–14643 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01555
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K Watanabe, K Iwashina, A Iwase, et al. New visible-light-driven H2– and O2– evolving photocatalysts developed by Ag(I) and Cu(I) ion exchange of various layered and tunneling metal oxides using molten salts treatments. Chemistry of Materials, 2020, 32(24): 10524–10537 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03461
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H Kato, T Fujisawa, M Kobayashi, et al. Discovery of novel delafossite-type compounds composed of copper(I) lithium titanium with photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution under visible light. Chemistry Letters, 2015, 44(7): 973–975 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.150341
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K Iwashina, A Iwase, S Nozawa, et al. Visible-light-responsive CuLi1/3Ti2/3O2 powders prepared by a molten CuCl treatment of Li2TiO3 for photocatalytic H2 evolution and Z-schematic water splitting. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28(13): 4677–4685 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01557
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K Iwashina, A Iwase, A Kudo. Sensitization of wide band gap photocatalysts to visible light by molten CuCl treatment. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2015, 6(1): 687–692 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SC01829J
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H Kaga, Y Tsutsui, A Nagane, et al. An effect of Ag(I)-substitution at Cu sites in CuGaS2 on photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties for solar hydrogen evolution. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(43): 21815–21823 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04756K
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T Kato, Y Hakari, S Ikeda, et al. Utilization of metal sulfide material of (CuGa)1–xZn2xS2 solid solution with visible light response in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical solar water splitting systems. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2015, 6(6): 1042–1047 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00137
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T Hayashi, R Niishiro, H Ishihara, et al. Powder-based (CuGa1–yIny)1–xZn2xS2 solid solution photocathodes with a largely positive onset potential for solar water splitting. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2018, 2(9): 2016–2024 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SE00079D
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S Ikeda, N Aono, A Iwase, et al. Cu3MS4 (M= V, Nb, Ta) and its solid solutions with sulvanite structure for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation. ChemSusChem, 2019, 12(9): 1977–1983 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802702
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T Takayama, I Tsuji, N Aono, et al. Development of various metal sulfide photocatalysts consisting of d0, d5, and d10 metal ions for sacrificial H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Chemistry Letters, 2017, 46(4): 616–619 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.161192
