Effect of graphene and its derivatives on thermo-mechanical properties of phase change materials and its applications: a comprehensive review

doi:10.1007/s11708-021-0795-3

Frontiers in Energy

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (2): 150-186 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0795-3

本期目录

Effect of graphene and its derivatives on thermo-mechanical properties of phase change materials and its applications: a comprehensive review

Sumit NAGAR¹(

), Kamal SHARMA¹, A. K. PANDEY², V. V. TYAGI³

¹. Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura (U.P)-281406, India
². Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
³. School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, India

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Abstract：

Phase change materials (PCMs) play a leading role in overcoming the growing need of advanced thermal management for the storage and release of thermal energy which is to be used for different solar applications. However, the effectiveness of PCMs is greatly affected by their poor thermal conductivity. Therefore, in the present review the progress made in deploying the graphene (Gr) in PCMs in the last decade for providing the solution to the aforementioned inadequacy is presented and discussed in detail. Gr and its derivatives ((Gr oxide (GO), Gr aerogel (GA) and Gr nanoplatelets (GNPs)) based PCMs can improve the thermal conductivity and shape stability, which may be attributed to the extra ordinary thermo-physical properties of Gr. Moreover, it is expected from this review that the advantages and disadvantages of using Gr nanoparticles provide a deep insight and help the researchers in finding out the exact basic properties and finally the applications of Gr can be enhanced.

In this work, Gr and its derivatives based PCMs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by which crystal structure was known, phase was identified along with the knowledge of surface structure respectively. The increase in the mass fraction (%) of the filler (Gr and its derivatives) led to even better thermo-physical properties and thermal stability. The thermal characterization was also done by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity tests. The enthalpy of freezing and melting showed that Gr and its derivatives based PCMs had a very high energy storage capability as reflected in its various applications.

Key words： phase change materials (PCMs) graphene thermal conductivity characterization

收稿日期: 2021-01-13 出版日期: 2022-05-25

Corresponding Author(s): Sumit NAGAR

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2022, 16(2): 150-186.
Sumit NAGAR, Kamal SHARMA, A. K. PANDEY, V. V. TYAGI. Effect of graphene and its derivatives on thermo-mechanical properties of phase change materials and its applications: a comprehensive review. Front. Energy, 2022, 16(2): 150-186.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/10.1007/s11708-021-0795-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/Y2022/V16/I2/150

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Ref.	Gr types	PCMs	Sample preparation method	Sample characterization techniques	Thermal characterization techniques	Sonication technique/stirring technique	Sonication/stirring time, sonication/stirrering speed
[56]	Fe₃O₄-GNS	PEG/SiO₂	Ultrasonic solgel method	SEM, TEM, and XRD	DSC and TGA	Ultrasound technique	–, –
[64]	Ag nano-particle-functionalized GNS (Ag-GNS)	PEG	Ultrasonication method	FT-IR, XRD, raman spectra, SEM, and XPS	DSC and TGA	Ultrasonication method	24 h, –
[65]	Two types of rGO	Pn, octadecanol and stearic acid PCMs	Hydrothermal method	SEM, XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy, and FT-IR	DSC	Ultrasonication method	5 h, –
[66]	GO and GNPs	Commercial melamine foam incorporated with Gr	Vacuum-assisted encapsulation method	Atomic force microscopy, XRD, XPS, raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR	DSC and TGA	Ultrasonication method	24 h, –
[54]	SiO₂/Gr composite shell	n-octadecane nano-encapsulated phase change material	Combining interfacial hydrolysis, polycondensation and self-assembly of Gr	FT-IR, XRD, raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, and TEM	DSC, TGA, and thermal conductivity test	Ultrasonication method	1 h, 800 r/min
[61]	GO	Phase change Pn, the mixture of the sliced Pn, and liquid Pn	In-situ polymerizationmethod	FT-IR, particle size distribution (PSD), and FESEM	TGA and DSC	Stirring done	2 h, –
[51]	PU-grafted rGO-PU	PEG, MDI	In-situ polymerization, esterification, and reduction reaction	FT-IR, XRD, and SEM	DSC, TGA, and thermal conductivity test	–	–, –
[58]	GA	LA	Vacuum impregnation method	FT-IR, SEM, raman spectroscopy, and XRD	DSC, TGA and thermal conductivity test	Ultrasonic treatment	0.5 h, –
[67]	GO/carbon nano-felts (RGO/CNFs)	Lauric-myristic-stearic acid	Micro-capsulation, vacuum-assisted impregnation, electrospinning, carbonization, and ultrasound-assisted sol-gel	FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy)	DSC and thermal conductivity test	Ultrasonication	5 min, –
[55]	GO	PEG	Graft-crossing method	SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, raman spectroscopy, and XPS	DSC and thermal conductivity tests	–, –	–, –
[68]	Octa decylamine-functionalized GO (GO-C18) and GO	Poly(ethylene-graft-maleic anhydride)-goctadecanol (EMC18)	Solution mixing method	FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and XRD	DSC and TGA	Ultrasonication method	0.5 h, –
[69]	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-based, Gr-based and MWCNT/Gr-based composite	PW	Heating and ultrasonic vibration	SEM	DSC and thermal conductivity test	Stirring, cavitations and ultrasonic vibration	4 h, –
[70]	GO	Anhydrous N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), succinic anhydride, tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and ethylene glycol (EG)	Ultrasonication method	XPS	DSC	Magnetic stirrer	24 h, –
[71]	Gr/GO	LA	Vacuum assisted Impregnation	SEM, FT-IR, XRD	Thermal conductivity test, TGA, DSC, and infrared thermography	Sonication	6 h, –
[72]	Octadecylamine-grafted GO (GO-ODA)	MF	In-situ polymerization	FT-IR, raman spectra, atomic force microscope, FESEM, and XRD	DSC, infrared thermography, and thermal conductivity test	Ultrasonication	1 h, 1800 r/min

Tab.1

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Ref.	Gr types	PCMs	FT-IR band peaks in /(cm^–1)	XRD diffraction peaks or angles	SEM/TEM/shapes for PCMs and supporting materials	EDX and XPS peaks/(eV)
[89]	3D porous GA	PEG and 1-tetradecanol (1-TD)	–, –	19.09° and 23.24° (PEG), 19.11°, and 23.22° (1-TD)	–, porous wrinkled structure	–, –
[90]	EG	n-OD	2956, 2913, and 2849 (for n-OD), 1500, and 800 (EG)	–, –	–, surface with several pores was observed	–, –
[87]	GNPs	PEG/unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)	2881, 3435, 1642, and 1110	16.3° to 27.6°	–, small flake morphology with a smooth surface(GNPs) and smooth and flat surface (PEG/UPR)	–, –
[91]	GO	PU	3224, 1720, 1624, 1219 and 1040 (GO) and 3340, 2262, and 1681 (composite)	8.9°, 10.4°, and 10.7°	–, morphology becomes rougher with protuberances and massive pores come in	–, 284.6 and 288.4
[82]	GNPs hydrogels	Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)	3443	–, –	–, highly oriented structure	–, –
[92]	rGO	PU-based SSPCMs	–, –	19.2° and 23.4°	–, porous 3D skeleton structure	–, 286.8 and 288.4
[73]	GNPs	Pn/hydrophobic EPOP	720, 1466, 2848, and 2915	–, –	5 mm, GNPs are well integrated into the open pores, GNPs particles are partially immersed into Pn occupied in the pores and irregular surface texture	–, –
[93]	Halloysite nano-tubes-hybrid (HNT-GA)	PU-based SSPCMs	3224, 1720, 1624, 1219, and 1040	10.7°, 23.6°, and 24.1°	Hundreds of micrometers (100–700 μm) and hundreds of nanometers, honeycomb-like and oriented cellular structure	–, 284.5,286.4, and 288
[63]	Gr nanoparticles	Erythritol	3600 to 2800, 2940, 2880, and 1080	20° and 30°	28 nm to 35.8 nm, Gr nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the base erythritol for all mass fractions	–, –
[94]	GO	PEG	3500, 2880, and 1500	10.5° and 27.5°	–, PEG smooth fracture surface and GO exhibited wrinkled fracture structure	–, –
[95]	GO nanosheet	Pn and MF are respectively used as core and shell	2925, 2853, 1468, 1720, 1559, and 815	8.1° and 23.1°	–, well dispersed and spherical shape	–, –
[96]	GO	Poly(hexadecyl acrylate)	1385, 1064, 1248, and 1163	–, –	Transparent and lamellar morphology (TEM)/well packed layer with shaggy surface (SEM)	–, 286 and 534
[97]	3D silver-Gr network	Erythritol	–, –	–, –	Well-interconnected 3D silver-Gr networks	–, –

Tab.2

Fig.12

Tab.3

Fig.13

Ref.	Graphene types	PCMs	DSC analysis				Thermal conductivity/(W·(m·K)⁻¹)	Applications
Ref.	Graphene types	PCMs	Melting temperature/°C	Freezing temperature/°C	Phase change enthalpy/latent heat of melting /(J·g⁻¹)	Phase change enthalpy/latent heat of freezing/(J·g⁻¹)	Thermal conductivity/(W·(m·K)⁻¹)	Applications
[105]	Carbon fiber powder (CFP) and Gr	Capric acid (CA), PA, LA, and their ternary eutectic were supported by polymeric matrix of polylactic acid (PLA)	15–35	–	120–139	–	–	Energy storage/retrieval applications
[106]	Ultrathin GS (UGS)	Stearic acid	53.32 (SA-UGS-3500 (r·min⁻¹)))	53.33 (SA-UGS-3500 (r·min⁻¹))	100.70 (SA-UGS-3500 (r·min⁻¹))	98.41 (SA-UGS-3500 (r·min⁻¹))	2.872 (SA-UGS-3500 (r·min⁻¹))	Thermal energy storage applications including cooling, building energy efficiency and solar thermal storage
[107]	10% (mass fraction) graphite nanoplatelets	Mixtures of stearyl alcohol with palm triple pressed acid (essentially a mixture of palmitic and SA derived from palm oil)	47.8±0.8 (35% stearyl alcohol and 10% GNPs)	45.6±0.5	136±11	132±11	1.687±0.009 (solid state), 2.311±0.027 (molten state)	–
[108]	EG	Stearyl alcohol (SAL) and HDPE mixtures	56.48 for CPCM-1 SAL/HDPE/EG composites	56.85 for CPCM-1 SAL/HDPE/EG composites	177.9 for CPCM-1 SAL/HDPE/EG composites	98.45 for CPCM-1 SAL/HDPE/EG composites	0.6698±0.0094 for CPCMs5 (4% EG)	Building thermal energy storage
[109]	GNPs	Methylepalmitate (MP) and LA	29.6 (MP)	24.1 (MP)	227.6 (MP)	224.7 (MP)	–	Energy storage applications
[110]	EG	Succinic acid	136.6±0.3 (FSPCMs)	134.5±0.2 (FSPCMs)	207.6±4.2 (FSPCMs)	203.6±3.2 (FSPCMs)	–	–
[111]	Gr foam (GF) with a 3D interconnected network	PW	56.5 (PW)	48 (PW)	160.9 (PW)	157 (PW)	–	Thermal management and thermal-energy conversion and storage applications
[112]	Gr powder	Polyaniline (PANI) Form-table PCMs composite was produced by collecting PANI microcapsules containing the PEG	64.27 PEG/PANI/rGO (rGO, 5% (mass fraction))	36.37 PEG/PANI/rGO (rGO, 5% (mass fraction))	115.97 PEG/PANI/rGO (rGO, 5% (mass fraction))	105.53 PEG/PANI/rGO (rGO, 5% (mass fraction))	–	Thermal sensing applications such as heating circuit and photo detector chips
[113]	GNPs	PW (RT-64)	61.83 (3% GNPs/RT-64)	59.06 (3% GNPs/RT-64)	225.38 (3% GNPs/RT-64)	–	0.605 (105% increase at 10 °C) for 3% GNPs/RT-64	_
[114]	Sisal fiber cellulose (SFC) and GO	PEG	66.39 for PEG (90%) SFC (9%) and GO (1%)	42.09 for PEG (90 %), SFC (9%) and GO (1%)	176.07 for PEG (90%), SFC (9%) and GO (1%)	173.98 for PEG (90%), SFC (9%) and GO (1%)	0.6561 for PEG (99%) and GO (1%)	Building energy conservation

Tab.4

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

Fig.17

Fig.18

Fig.19

Fig.20

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