Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

doi:10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y

Frontiers in Energy

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1): 23-48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y

本期目录

Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

Zerong XING¹, Junheng FU¹, Sen CHEN², Jianye GAO³, Ruiqi ZHAO³, Jing LIU⁴(

)

¹. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
². School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract：

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries. The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation. Featuring inherent liquidity, metallicity, and biocompatibility, Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals (GBRTLMs) are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries. Herein, to illustrate the glamour of liquid components, high-temperature liquid metal batteries (HTLMBs) are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle, application, advantages, and drawbacks. Then, Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations, working mechanisms, and functions. Next, Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed, which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system. After that, Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells, generators, and supercapacitors (SCs) are interpreted, respectively. The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on. Finally, it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry, inherent reaction mechanism, and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coming future.

Key words： liquid metals soft electrodes flexible batteries deformable energy supply devices epidermal electronics

收稿日期: 2021-06-27 出版日期: 2022-03-30

Corresponding Author(s): Jing LIU

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2022, 16(1): 23-48.
Zerong XING, Junheng FU, Sen CHEN, Jianye GAO, Ruiqi ZHAO, Jing LIU. Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries. Front. Energy, 2022, 16(1): 23-48.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/CN/Y2022/V16/I1/23

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Fig.10

Year	Battery type	Liquid metal	Methods	Functionalities	Results	Ref.
2019	LMB	GaInSnZn	Coated on current collector	Reduced nucleation barrier	Improve coulombic efficiency; reduce voltage fluctuations	[135]
2020	LMB	Ga	Dropped onto Li	Self-repairing Li_xGa layer	Long-term cycling life	[131]
2020	LMB	GaSn	Coated onto Li	Self-healing SEI layer	Superb rate capacity; long-term cycling life	[134]
2020	LMB	GaInSnZn	Coated on Mxene	Amorphous nucleation seeds	Improve coulombic efficiency	[136]
2021	LMB	GaInSnZn	Formed alloy with Li	Passivate Li metal surface	Superior electrochemical performance	[137]
2008	LIB	Ga	Confined in a carbon matrix	Self-healing	Buffer volume change	[100]
2011	LIB	Ga	Applied onto stainless steel	Self-healing	Higher capacity and higher durability of electrode	[75]
2015	LIB	Ga film	Applied onto stainless steel	Self-healing	Capacity decreased gradually	[101]
2017	LIB	Ga₈₈Sn₁₂	Supported by carbon skeleton	Self-healing	Improve cycle life; deliver high capacity	[5]
2018	LIB	Galinstan	Embedded in N-rGO with Si	Heal the crack	High coulombic efficiency; better mechanical behavior	[150]
2018	LIB	Ga₇₀In₂₀Sn₁₀	Coated on Cu foil with Si	Spontaneous repairing	High capacity and stability; high coulombic efficiency	[143]
2018	LIB	Ga_12.6Sn_1.0	Composited with Si	Self-healing; liquid buffer	High capacity; excellent cyclic performance	[151]
2018	LIB	Ga	Encapsulated by interwoven carbon fibers	Prevent the agglomeration	High capacity; high cycling stability; good rate performance	[152]
2019	LIB	Ga	Coated on Cu film	Self-healing	High capacity; better rate performance	[153]
2019	LIB	Ga₈₈Sn₁₂	Coated with a carbon shell	Self-healing	Excellent capacity; stable cycling performance	[154]
2019	LIB	GaInSnZn	Confined in Mxene paper	Conductive substrate	Flexible and binder-free anode; high capacity and cycling	[155]
2020	LIB	Ga₉₂Sn₈	Paired with polymer	Self-healing	Maintain mechanical integrity and better contact	[156]
2020	LIB	Galinstan	Introduced between Si/Cu	Self-healing	Avoid interfacial delamination; avoid early capacity decay	[157]
2021	LIB	Ga	In situ form	Self-healing	Improve the cycling stability	[158]
2021	ZIB	GaIn	Coating on zinc anode	Inward deposition	Ameliorate dendrite growth and electrode corrosion	[146]
2020	AlIB	Ga	Replace Al	Self-healing	Dendrite-free; corrosion-resistant; non-pulverization	[149]

Tab.4

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