Laboratory for Fuel Cell and Green Energy, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
Production of hydrogen, one of the most promising alternative clean fuels, through catalytic conversion from fossil fuel is the most technically and economically feasible technology. Catalytic conversion of natural gas into hydrogen and carbon is thermodynamically favorable under atmospheric conditions. However, using noble metals as a catalyst is costly for hydrogen production, thus mandating non-noble metal-based catalysts such as Ni, Co, and Cu-based alloys. This paper reviews the various hydrogen production methods from fossil fuels through pyrolysis, partial oxidation, autothermal, and steam reforming, emphasizing the catalytic production of hydrogen via steam reforming of methane. The multicomponent catalysts composed of several non-noble materials have been summarized. Of the Ni, Co, and Cu-based catalysts investigated in the literature, Ni/Al2O3 catalyst is the most economical and performs best because it suppresses the coke formation on the catalyst. To avoid carbon emission, this method of hydrogen production from methane should be integrated with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Carbon capture can be accomplished by absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation processes. The remaining challenges, prospects, and future research and development directions are described.
. [J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2023, 17(5): 585-610.
Shams ANWAR, Xianguo LI. Production of hydrogen from fossil fuel: A review. Front. Energy, 2023, 17(5): 585-610.
A Malaika, B Krzyzyńska, M Kozłowski. Catalytic decomposition of methane in the presence of in situ obtained ethylene as a method of hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(14): 7470–7475 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.026
3
B S Pivovar, M F Ruth, D J Myers. et al.. Hydrogen: Targeting $1/kg in 1 decade. Electrochemical Society Interface, 2021, 30(4): 61–66 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F15214IF
4
S Shiva Kumar, V Himabindu. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis—A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2019, 2(3): 442–454 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002
5
P J Megía, A J Vizcaino, J A Calles. et al.. Hydrogen production technologies: From fossil fuels toward renewable sources. A mini review. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(20): 16403–16415 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02501
6
S E Hosseini, M Abdul Wahid, M M Jamil. et al.. A review on biomass-based hydrogen production for renewable energy supply. International Journal of Energy Research, 2015, 39(12): 1597–1615 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3381
7
P Nikolaidis, A Poullikkas. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 67: 597–611 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044
8
J C Solarte-Toro, J A González-Aguirre, Giraldo J A Poveda. et al.. Thermochemical processing of woody biomass: A review focused on energy-driven applications and catalytic upgrading. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 136: 110376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110376
9
I Dincer, C Acar. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(34): 11094–11111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035
10
E B Agyekum, C Nutakor, A M Agwa. et al.. A critical review of renewable hydrogen production methods: Factors affecting their scale-up and its role in future energy generation. Membranes (Basel), 2022, 12(2): 173 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020173
11
S F Ahmed, M Mofijur, S N Nahrin. et al.. Biohydrogen production from wastewater-based microalgae: Progresses and challenges. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37321–37342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.178
12
B K Sovacool, P Schmid, A Stirling. et al.. Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(11): 928–935 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00696-3
13
S Anwar, F Khan, Y Zhang. et al.. Recent development in electrocatalysts for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(63): 32284–32317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.191
14
S Sebbahi, N Nabil, A Alaoui-Belghiti. et al.. Assessment of the three most developed water electrolysis technologies: Alkaline water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane and solid-oxide electrolysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022, 66: 140–145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.264
15
M Chatenet, G Bruno, D R Pollet. et al.. Water electrolysis: From textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chemical Society Reviews, 2022, 51(11): 4583–4762 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01079K
16
S G Nnabuife, J Ugbeh-Johnson, N E Okeke. et al.. Present and projected developments in hydrogen production: A technological review. Carbon Capture Science & Technology, 2022, 3: 100042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100042
17
C Acar, I Dincer. Comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable sources. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(1): 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.10.060
18
D A J Rand. A journey on the electrochemical road to sustainability. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011, 15(7–8): 1579–1622 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-011-1410-z
19
G Cipriani, V Di Dio, F Genduso. et al.. Perspective on hydrogen energy carrier and its automotive applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(16): 8482–8494 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.174
20
J van de LoosdrechtJ W Niemantsverdriet. Synthesis gas to hydrogen, methanol, and synthetic fuels. In: Schlögl R, ed. Chemical Energy Storage. Boston: De Gruyter, 2013, 443–458
21
M Balat, M Balat. Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34(9): 3589–3603 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.067
22
S Koumi Ngoh, D Njomo. An overview of hydrogen gas production from solar energy. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(9): 6782–6792 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.027
23
T Karchiyappan. A review on hydrogen energy production from electrochemical system: Benefits and challenges. Energy Sources. Part A, Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019, 41(7): 902–909 https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520368
24
International Energy Agency The. Global hydrogen review 2022. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA
25
Resources Canada Natural. Hydrogen strategy of Canada: Seizing the opportunities for hydrogen. 2023-6-28, available at website of Government of Canada
26
International Renewable Energy Agency The. Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050. 2023-6-28, available at website of IRENA
27
Hydrogène France. Hydrogen scaling up: A sustainable pathway for the global energy transition. 2023-6-28, available at website of France Hydrogène
28
Transitions Commission Energy. Mission possible: Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors. 2023-6-28, available at website of Energy Transitions Commission
29
N Z Muradov. How to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels without CO2 emission. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1993, 18(3): 211–215 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(93)90021-2
30
Energy Agency International. Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA
31
M A Khan, H Zhao, W Zou. et al.. Recent progresses in electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2018, 1: 483–530 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0014-z
K Zeng, D Zhang. Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2010, 36(3): 307–326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.002
M F Milazzo, F Spina, P Primerano. et al.. Soy biodiesel pathways: Global prospects. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 26: 579–624 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.056
36
A Ahmed, A Q Al-Amin, A F Ambrose. et al.. Hydrogen fuel and transport system: A sustainable and environmental future. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(3): 1369–1380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.084
37
R Pinsky, P Sabharwall, J Hartvigsen. et al.. Comparative review of hydrogen production technologies for nuclear hybrid energy systems. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2020, 123: 103317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103317
38
B Lee, J Heo, S Kim. et al.. Economic feasibility studies of high-pressure PEM water electrolysis for distributed H2 refueling stations. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 162: 139–144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.041
39
G Collodi, G Azzaro, N Ferrari. et al.. Techno-economic evaluation of deploying CCS in SMR based merchant H2 production with NG as feedstock and fuel. Energy Procedia, 2017, 114: 2690–2712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1533
40
Pérez B J Leal, Jiménez J A Medrano, R Bhardwaj. et al.. Methane pyrolysis in a molten gallium bubble column reactor for sustainable hydrogen production: Proof of concept & techno-economic assessment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(7): 4917–4935 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.079
41
C Rudolph, B Atakan. Pyrolysis of methane and ethane in a compression–expansion process as a new concept for chemical energy storage: A kinetic and exergetic investigation. Energy Technology (Weinheim), 2021, 9(3): 2000948 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000948
42
C Palmer, E Bunyan, J Gelinas. et al.. CO2-free hydrogen production by catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstocks in molten Ni-Bi. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(12): 16073–16080 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03080
43
A Fakeeha, A A Ibrahim, H Aljuraywi. et al.. Hydrogen production by partial oxidation reforming of methane over Ni catalysts supported on high and low surface area alumina and zirconia. Processes (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 8(5): 499 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050499
44
H K Huang, Y K Chih, W H Chen. et al.. Synthesis and regeneration of mesoporous Ni–Cu/Al2O4 catalyst in sub-kilogram-scale for methanol steam reforming reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37542–37551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.080
45
W Żukowski, G Berkowicz. Hydrogen production through the partial oxidation of methanol using N2O in a fluidised bed of an iron-chromium catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(47): 28247–28253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.135
46
A Abdul Ghani, F Torabi, H Ibrahim. Autothermal reforming process for efficient hydrogen production from crude glycerol using nickel supported catalyst: Parametric and statistical analyses. Energy, 2018, 144: 129–145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.132
47
E V Matus, I Z Ismagilov, S A Yashnik. et al.. Hydrogen production through autothermal reforming of CH4: Efficiency and action mode of noble (M = Pt, Pd) and non-noble (M = Re, Mo, Sn) metal additives in the composition of Ni-M/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2/Al2O3 catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(58): 33352–33369 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.011
48
E Matus, O Sukhova, I Ismagilov. et al.. Hydrogen production through autothermal reforming of ethanol: Enhancement of Ni catalyst performance via promotion. Energies, 2021, 14(16): 5176 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165176
49
Y S Noh, K Y Lee, D J Moon. Hydrogen production by steam reforming of methane over nickel based structured catalysts supported on calcium aluminate modified SiC. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(38): 21010–21019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.287
50
D S Lima, C O Calgaro, O W Perez-Lopez. Hydrogen production by glycerol steam reforming over Ni based catalysts prepared by different methods. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2019, 130: 105358 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105358
51
Z Zeng, G Liu, J Geng. et al.. A high-performance PdZn alloy catalyst obtained from metal-organic framework for methanol steam reforming hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(45): 24387–24397 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.195
52
S Schneider, S Bajohr, F Graf. et al.. State of the art of hydrogen production via pyrolysis of natural gas. ChemBioEng Reviews, 2020, 7(5): 150–158 https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202000014
53
A Bhaskar, M Assadi, H N Somehsaraei. Can methane pyrolysis based hydrogen production lead to the decarbonisation of iron and steel industry?. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2021, 10: 100079 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100079
54
B Parkinson, P Balcombe, J F Speirs. et al.. Levelized cost of CO2 mitigation from hydrogen production routes. Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, 12(1): 19–40 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02079E
55
S F Ahmed, M Mofijur, S Nuzhat. et al.. Sustainable hydrogen production: Technological advancements and economic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37227–37255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.029
56
R Djimasbe, I R Ilyasov, M Kwofie. et al.. Direct hydrogen production from extra-heavy crude oil under supercritical water conditions using a catalytic (Ni-Co/Al2O3) upgrading process. Catalysts, 2022, 12(10): 1183 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101183
57
T Kertthong, M Schmid, G Scheffknecht. Non-catalytic partial oxidation of methane in biomass-derived syngas with high steam and hydrogen content optimal for subsequent synthesis process. Journal of Energy Institute, 2022, 105: 251–261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2022.09.007
58
J Kim, J Byeon, I G Seo. et al.. Temperature oscillations in methanol partial oxidation reactor for the production of hydrogen. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 30(4): 790–795 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-012-0210-1
59
Z Lian, Y Wang, X Zhang. et al.. Hydrogen production by fluidized bed reactors: A quantitative perspective using the supervised machine learning approach. Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 2021, 4(3): 266–287 https://doi.org/10.3390/j4030022
60
H Nam, S Wang, K C Sanjeev. et al.. Enriched hydrogen production over air and air-steam fluidized bed gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor with CaO: Effects of biomass and bed material catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 225(1): 113408 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113408
61
E Yaghoubi, Q Xiong, M H Doranehgard. et al.. The effect of different operational parameters on hydrogen rich syngas production from biomass gasification in a dual fluidized bed gasifier. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2018, 126: 210–221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.03.005
62
N Hanchate, R Malhotra, C S Mathpati. Design of experiments and analysis of dual fluidized bed gasifier for syngas production: Cold flow studies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(6): 4776–4787 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.114
63
F Dawood, M Anda, G M Shafiullah. Hydrogen production for energy: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(7): 3847–3869 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059
64
T Y Amiri, K Ghasemzageh, A Iulianelli. Membrane reactors for sustainable hydrogen production through steam reforming of hydrocarbons: A review. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2020, 157: 108148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2020.108148
65
M G Poirier, C Sapundzhiev. Catalytic decomposition of natural gas to hydrogen for fuel cell applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997, 22(4): 429–433 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00101-2
66
M G Surer, H T Arat. State of art of hydrogen usage as a fuel on aviation. European Mechanical Science, 2018, 2(1): 20–30 https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.364286
67
H Zhang, Z Sun, Y H Hu. Steam reforming of methane: Current states of catalyst design and process upgrading. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 149: 111330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111330
68
Energy Economics BP. BP energy outlook 2019 edition. 2023-6-28, available at website of BP
69
U P M Ashik, W M A Wan Daud, H F Abbas. Production of greenhouse gas free hydrogen by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane—A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 44: 221–256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.025
70
L Chen, Z Qi, S Zhang. et al.. Catalytic hydrogen production from methane: A review on recent progress and prospect. Catalysts, 2020, 10(8): 858 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080858
71
D Mahajan, C E Taylor, G A Mansoori. An introduction to natural gas hydrate/clathrate: The major organic carbon reserve of the Earth. Journal of Petroleum Science Engineering, 2007, 56(1–3): 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.09.006
72
A P Simpson, A E Lutz. Exergy analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(18): 4811–4820 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.08.025
73
A Iulianelli, S Liguori, J Wilcox. et al.. Advances on methane steam reforming to produce hydrogen through membrane reactors technology: A review. Catalysis Reviews. Science and Engineering, 2016, 58(1): 1–35 https://doi.org/10.1080/01614940.2015.1099882
74
L Barelli, G Bidini, F Gallorini. et al.. Hydrogen production through sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming and membrane technology: A review. Energy, 2008, 33(4): 554–570 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.10.018
75
D J Wilhelm, D R Simbeck, A D Karp. et al.. Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: Technologies, issues and outlook. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 71(1−3): 139–148 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00140-0
76
K H R Rouwenhorst, Y Engelmann, Veer K van’t. et al.. Plasma-driven catalysis: Green ammonia synthesis with intermittent electricity. Green Chemistry, 2020, 22(19): 6258–6287 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC02058C
77
A M Adris, B B Pruden, C J Lim. et al.. On the reported attempts to radically improve the performance of the steam methane reforming reactor. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1996, 74(2): 177–186 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450740202
78
P V Tuza, M M V M Souza. Steam reforming of methane over catalyst derived from ordered double perovskite: Effect of crystalline phase transformation. Catalysis Letters, 2016, 146(1): 47–53 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-015-1617-1
79
L S F Feio, C E Hori, S Damyanova. et al.. The effect of ceria content on the properties of Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts for steam reforming of methane. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2007, 316(1): 107–116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.09.032
80
L Zhang, L T Roling, X Wang. et al.. Platinum-based nanocages with subnanometer-thick walls and well-defined, controllable facets. Science, 2015, 349(6246): 412–416 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0801
81
B Qiao, A Wang, X Yang. et al.. Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. Nature Chemistry, 2011, 3(8): 634–641 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1095
82
P Sun, B Young, A Elgowainy. et al.. Criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from hydrogen production in U.S. steam methane reforming facilities. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(12): 7103–7113 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06197
83
I I Bobrova, N N Bobrov, V V Chesnokov. et al.. Catalytic steam reforming of methane: New data on the contribution of homogeneous radical reactions in the gas phase: II. A ruthenium catalyst. Kinetics and Catalysis, 2001, 42(6): 805–812 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013283216707
84
K Tomishige, D Li, M Tamura. et al.. Nickel-iron alloy catalysts for reforming of hydrocarbons: Preparation, structure, and catalytic properties. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(18): 3952–3979 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CY01300K
85
S O Soloviev, I V Gubareni, S M Orlyk. Oxidative reforming of methane on structured nickel–alumina catalysts: A review. Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 2018, 54(5): 293–315 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11237-018-9575-5
86
D Li, Y Nakagawa, K Tomishige. Methane reforming to synthesis gas over Ni catalysts modified with noble metals. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2011, 408(1−2): 1–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.09.018
87
M Msheik, S Rodat, S Abanades. Methane cracking for hydrogen production: A review of catalytic and molten media pyrolysis. Energies, 2021, 14(11): 3107 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113107
88
E Meloni, M Martino, V Palma. A short review on Ni-based catalysts and related engineering issues for methane steam reforming. Catalysts, 2020, 10(3): 352 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10030352
89
P Summa, B Samojeden, M Motak. Dry and steam reforming of methane. Comparison and analysis of recently investigated catalytic materials. A short review. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2019, 21(2): 31–37 https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2019-0017
90
T Christofoletti, J M Assaf, E M Assaf. Methane steam reforming on supported and non-supported molybdenum carbides. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2005, 106(2): 97–103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2004.11.006
91
F Watanabe, I Kaburaki, N Shimoda. et al.. Sulfur tolerance of noble metal catalysts for steam methane reforming. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 2017, 60(3): 137–145 https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.60.137
92
M Maestri, D G Vlachos, A Beretta. et al.. Steam and dry reforming of methane on Rh: Microkinetic analysis and hierarchy of kinetic models. Journal of Catalysis, 2008, 259(2): 211–222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2008.08.008
93
C Fan, Y A Zhu, M L Yang. et al.. Density functional theory-assisted microkinetic analysis of methane dry reforming on Ni catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 54(22): 5901–5913 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00563
94
Y Kathiraser, U Oemar, E T Saw. et al.. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects for CO2 reforming of methane over Ni based catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 278: 62–78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.143
95
Z Wang, X M Cao, J Zhu. et al.. Activity and coke formation of nickel and nickel carbide in dry reforming: A deactivation scheme from density functional theory. Journal of Catalysis, 2014, 311: 469–480 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2013.12.015
96
J Niu, F Guo, J Ran. et al.. Methane dry (CO2) reforming to syngas (H2/CO) in catalytic process: From experimental study and DFT calculations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(55): 30267–30287 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.067
97
Y Fujimoto, T Ohba. Size-dependent catalytic hydrogen production via methane decomposition and aromatization at a low-temperature using Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, and Ru nanometals. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2022, 24(47): 28794–28803 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP03713K
98
N S N Hasnan, S N Timmiati, K L Lim. et al.. Recent developments in methane decomposition over heterogeneous catalysts: An overview. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2020, 9(2): 8–18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-020-00167-5
99
J F Gonçalves, M M V M Souza. Effect of doping niobia over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for methane steam reforming. Catalysis Letters, 2018, 148(5): 1478–1489 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-018-2359-7
100
K Lertwittayanon, W Youravong, W J Lau. Enhanced catalytic performance of Ni/A-Al2O3 catalyst modified with CaZrO3 nanoparticles in steam-methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(47): 28254–28265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.030
101
J Xu, L Chen, K F Tan. et al.. Effect of boron on the stability of Ni catalysts during steam methane reforming. Journal of Catalysis, 2009, 261(2): 158–165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2008.11.007
102
M Barati Dalenjan, A Rashidi, F Khorasheh. et al.. Effect of Ni ratio on mesoporous Ni/MgO nanocatalyst synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method for thermal catalytic decomposition of CH4 to H2. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(22): 11539–11551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.185
Y S Park, M Kang, P Byeon. et al.. Fabrication of a regenerable Ni supported NiO-MgO catalyst for methane steam reforming by exsolution. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 397: 318–324 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.025
105
R Dehghan-Niri, J C Walmsley, A Holmen. et al.. Nanoconfinement of Ni clusters towards a high sintering resistance of steam methane reforming catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2012, 2(12): 2476–2484 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cy20325a
106
X Zhai, S Ding, Z Liu. et al.. Catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for steam reforming of methane at high space velocity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(1): 482–489 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.10.053
107
J Li, Q Zhu, W Peng. et al.. Novel hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst for highly efficient CO methanation in a fluidized bed reactor. AIChE Journal, 2017, 63(6): 2141–2152 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15597
108
J Y Do, R Chava, N Son. et al.. Effect of Ce doping of a Co/Al2O3 catalyst on hydrogen production via propane steam reforming. Catalysts, 2018, 8(10): 413 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8100413
109
S Y Lee, H Lim, H C Woo. Catalytic activity and characterizations of Ni/K2TixOy-Al2O3 catalyst for steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(31): 17645–17655 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.014
110
H S Roh, I H Eum, D W Jeong. Low temperature steam reforming of methane over Ni-Ce1–xZrxO2 catalysts under severe conditions. Renewable Energy, 2012, 42: 212–216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.013
111
K Takehira, T Shishido, P Wang. et al.. Autothermal reforming of CH4 over supported Ni catalysts prepared from Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like anionic clay. Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 221(1): 43–54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2003.07.001
112
F Morales-Cano, L F Lundegaard, R R Tiruvalam. et al.. Improving the sintering resistance of Ni/Al2O3 steam-reforming catalysts by promotion with noble metals. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 498: 117–125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.03.016
113
X Yang, J Da, H Yu. et al.. Characterization and performance evaluation of Ni-based catalysts with Ce promoter for methane and hydrocarbons steam reforming process. Fuel, 2016, 179: 353–361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.104
114
C Fukuhara, K Yamamoto, Y Makiyama. et al.. A metal-honeycomb-type structured catalyst for steam reforming of methane: Effect of preparation condition change on reforming performance. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 492: 190–200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.11.040
115
X You, X Wang, Y Ma. et al.. Ni-Co/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts for CH4 steam reforming: Elucidating the role of Co for improving coke resistance. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(12): 3377–3386 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402695
116
S Miura, Y Umemura, Y Shiratori. et al.. In situ synthesis of Ni/MgO catalysts on inorganic paper-like matrix for methane steam reforming. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 229: 515–521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.052
117
S Katheria, A Gupta, G Deo. et al.. Effect of calcination temperature on stability and activity of Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst for steam reforming of methane at high pressure condition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(32): 14123–14132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.109
118
C Jiménez-González, Z Boukha, Rivas B De. et al.. Behavior of coprecipitated NiAl2O4/Al2O3 catalysts for low-temperature methane steam reforming. Energy & Fuels, 2014, 28(11): 7109–7121 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501612y
119
Y Zhang, W Wang, Z Wang. et al.. Steam reforming of methane over Ni/SiO2 catalyst with enhanced coke resistance at low steam to methane ratio. Catalysis Today, 2015, 256(1): 130–136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2015.01.016
120
E T Kho, J Scott, R Amal. Ni/TiO2 for low temperature steam reforming of methane. Chemical Engineering Science, 2016, 140: 161–170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.10.021
121
B Bej, N C Pradhan, S Neogi. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methane over alumina supported nano-NiO/SiO2 catalyst. Catalysis Today, 2013, 207: 28–35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.011
122
Y Ma, X Wang, X You. et al.. Nickel-supported on La2Sn2O7 and La2Zr2O7 pyrochlores for methane steam reforming: Insight into the difference between tin and zirconium in the b site of the compound. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(12): 3366–3376 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402551
123
X Fang, X Zhang, Y Guo. et al.. Highly active and stable Ni/Y2Zr2O7 catalysts for methane steam reforming: On the nature and effective preparation method of the pyrochlore support. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(26): 11141–11153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.038
124
X Zhang, L Peng, X Fang. et al.. Ni/Y2B2O7 (B=Ti, Sn, Zr and Ce) catalysts for methane steam reforming: On the effects of B site replacement. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(17): 8298–8312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.086
125
S Palma, L F Bobadilla, A Corrales. et al.. Effect of gold on a NiLaO3 perovskite catalyst for methane steam reforming. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 144: 846–854 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.07.055
126
J Lian, X Fang, W Liu. et al.. Ni supported on LaFeO3 perovskites for methane steam reforming: On the promotional effects of plasma treatment in H2–Ar atmosphere. Topics in Catalysis, 2017, 60(12−14): 831–842 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-017-0748-6
127
S D Angeli, L Turchetti, G Monteleone. et al.. Catalyst development for steam reforming of methane and model biogas at low temperature. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 181: 34–46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.07.039
128
D Homsi, S Aouad, C Gennequin. et al.. The effect of copper content on the reactivity of Cu/Co6Al2 solids in the catalytic steam reforming of methane reaction. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2014, 17(5): 454–458 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2013.07.004
129
S S Itkulova, Y A Boleubayev, K A Valishevskiy. Multicomponent Co-based sol–gel catalysts for dry/steam reforming of methane. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2019, 92(2): 331–341 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05110-3
130
L P R Profeti, E A Ticianelli, E M Assaf. Co/Al2O3 catalysts promoted with noble metals for production of hydrogen by methane steam reforming. Fuel, 2008, 87(10−11): 2076–2081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.015
131
A F Lucrédio, G T Filho, E M Assaf. Co/Mg/Al hydrotalcite-type precursor, promoted with La and Ce, studied by XPS and applied to methane steam reforming reactions. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(11): 5851–5856 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.01.020
132
A F Lucrédio, E M Assaf. Cobalt catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite precursors and tested in methane steam reforming. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 159(1): 667–672 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.108
133
U Narkiewicz, M Podsiadły, R Jȩdrzejewski. et al.. Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons on cobalt, nickel and iron catalysts to obtain carbon nanomaterials. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2010, 384(1−2): 27–35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.05.050
134
A V Brykin, A V Artemov, K A Kolegov. Analysis of the market of rare-earth elements (REEs) and REE catalysts. Catalysis in Industry, 2014, 6(1): 1–7 https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050414010048
135
L B Avdeeva, D I Kochubey, S K Shaikhutdinov. Cobalt catalysts of methane decomposition: Accumulation of the filamentous carbon. Applied Catalysis A, General, 1999, 177(1): 43–51 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00250-6
136
Y Abdelbaki, A de Arriba, B Solsona. et al.. The nickel-support interaction as determining factor of the selectivity to ethylene in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over nickel oxide/alumina catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2021, 623: 118242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2021.118242
137
G Italiano, A Delia, C Espro. et al.. Methane decomposition over Co thin layer supported catalysts to produce hydrogen for fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(20): 11568–11575 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.012
138
A E Awadallah, A A Aboul-Enein, A K Aboul-Gheit. Impact of group VI metals addition to Co/MgO catalyst for non-oxidative decomposition of methane into COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanotubes. Fuel, 2014, 129: 27–36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.038
139
M Nazari, S M Alavi. An investigation of the simultaneous presence of Cu and Zn in different Ni/Al2O3 catalyst loads using Taguchi design of experiment in steam reforming of methane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(1): 691–702 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.224
140
S M Sajjadi, M Haghighi, A A Eslami. et al.. Hydrogen production via CO2-reforming of methane over Cu and Co doped Ni/Al2O3 nanocatalyst: Impregnation versus sol-gel method and effect of process conditions and promoter. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2013, 67(3): 601–617 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-013-3120-8
141
N Bayat, F Meshkani, M Rezaei. Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane to COx-free hydrogen and carbon over Ni–Fe–Cu/Al2O3 catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(30): 13039–13049 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.230
142
S K Saraswat, K K Pant. Synthesis of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes over copper promoted Ni/SiO2 catalyst by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2013, 13: 52–59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2013.04.001
143
S Takenaka, Y Shigeta, E Tanabe. et al.. Methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofibers over supported Pd-Ni catalysts: Characterization of the catalysts during the reaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(23): 7656–7664 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0377331
144
J Chen, X Li, Y Li. et al.. Production of hydrogen and nanocarbon from direct decomposition of undiluted methane on high-nickeled Ni-Cu-alumina catalysts. Chemistry Letters, 2003, 32(5): 424–425 https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2003.424
145
J W Snoeck, G F Froment, M Fowles. Filamentous carbon formation and gasification: Thermodynamics, driving force, nucleation, and steady-state growth. Journal of Catalysis, 1997, 169(1): 240–249 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1997.1634
146
M S Rahman, E Croiset, R R Hudgins. Catalytic decomposition of methane for hydrogen production. Topics in Catalysis, 2006, 37(2–4): 137–145 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-006-0015-8
147
S Wang, S A Nabavi, P T Clough. A review on bi/polymetallic catalysts for steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(42): 15879–15893 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.034
148
M H Ali Khan, R Daiyan, P Neal. et al.. A framework for assessing economics of blue hydrogen production from steam methane reforming using carbon capture storage & utilisation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(44): 22685–22706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.104
149
International Energy Agency The. The future of hydrogen. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA
150
R Soltani, M A Rosen, I Dincer. Assessment of CO2 capture options from various points in steam methane reforming for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(35): 20266–20275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.161
151
G PowerA BusseJ MacMurray. Demonstration of carbon capture and sequestration of steam methane reforming process gas used for large-scale hydrogen production. USDOE Technical Report 1437618, 2018
152
M Voldsund, K Jordal, R Anantharaman. Hydrogen production with CO2 capture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(9): 4969–4992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.01.009
153
A D Wiheeb, Z Helwani, J Kim. et al.. Pressure swing adsorption technologies for carbon dioxide capture. Separation and Purification Reviews, 2016, 45(2): 108–121 https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2015.1047958
154
J Pires, M B de Carvalho, F R Ribeiro. et al.. Carbon dioxide in Y and ZSM-20 zeolites: Adsorption and infrared studies. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 1993, 85(3): 295–303 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(93)80057-2
155
S Yang, D Y Choi, S C Jang. et al.. Hydrogen separation by multi-bed pressure swing adsorption of synthesis gas. Adsorption, 2008, 14(4–5): 583–590 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-008-9133-x
156
V G Gomes, K W K Yee. Pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide sequestration from exhaust gases. Separation and Purification Technology, 2002, 28(2): 161–171 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00064-3
157
C T Chou, C Y Chen. Carbon dioxide recovery by vacuum swing adsorption. Separation and Purification Technology, 2004, 39(1−2): 51–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2003.12.009
158
M R Othman, S C Tan, S Bhatia. Separability of carbon dioxide from methane using MFI zeolite-silica film deposited on gamma-alumina support. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2009, 121(1−3): 138–144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.01.019
159
V Sebastián, I Kumakiri, R Bredesen. et al.. Zeolite membrane for CO2 removal: Operating at high pressure. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 292(1−2): 92–97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.01.017
160
M K Aroua, W M A W Daud, C Y Yin. et al.. Adsorption capacities of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and methane on carbon molecular basket derived from polyethyleneimine impregnation on microporous palm shell activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 2008, 62(3): 609–613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.003
161
L Riboldi, O Bolland. Overview on pressure swing adsorption (PSA) as CO2 capture technology: State-of-the-art, limits and potentials. Energy Procedia, 2017, 114: 2390–2400 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1385
162
P J E Harlick, F H Tezel. An experimental adsorbent screening study for CO2 removal from N2. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2004, 76(1−3): 71–79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2004.07.035
163
Z Liu, C A Grande, P Li. et al.. Multi-bed vacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas. Separation and Purification Technology, 2011, 81(3): 307–317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.07.037
164
J Merel, M Clausse, F Meunier. Experimental investigation on CO2 post-combustion capture by indirect thermal swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolites. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2008, 47(1): 209–215 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie071012x
165
K Sumida, D L Rogow, J A Mason. et al.. Carbon dioxide capture in metal-organic frameworks. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(2): 724–781 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2003272
166
N Casas, J Schell, R Blom. et al.. MOF and UiO-67/MCM-41 adsorbents for pre-combustion CO2 capture by PSA: Breakthrough experiments and process design. Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 112: 34–48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.042
167
S P Reynolds, A D Ebner, J A Ritter. Stripping PSA cycles for CO2 recovery from flue gas at high temperature using a hydrotalcite-like adsorbent. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(12): 4278–4294 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie051232f
168
S SircarT C Golden. Pressure swing adsorption technology for hydrogen production. In: Liu K, Song C, Subramani V, eds. Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, 414–450
169
J A Ritter, A D Ebner. State-of-the-art adsorption and membrane separation processes for hydrogen production in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Separation Science and Technology, 2007, 42(6): 1123–1193 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390701242194
170
A L KohlR B Nielsen. Introduction. In: Kohl A L, Nielsen R B, eds. Gas Purification. 5th ed. Houston: Gulf Professional Publishing, 1997, 1–39
G Q Lu, J C Diniz da Costa, M Duke. et al.. Inorganic membranes for hydrogen production and purification: A critical review and perspective. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, 314(2): 589–603 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.067
173
S Adhikari, S Fernando. Hydrogen membrane separation techniques. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(3): 875–881 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050644l
174
N W Ockwig, T M Nenoff. Membranes for hydrogen separation. Chemical Reviews, 2007, 107(10): 4078–4110 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0501792
175
T Van de Graaf, I Overland, D Scholten. et al.. The new oil? The geopolitics and international governance of hydrogen. energy Research & Social Science, 2020, 70: 101667 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101667
176
CCS Institute Global. Global status and CCS report: 2019. 2023-6-28, available at website of Global CCS Institute
177
B Dou, K Wu, H Zhang. et al.. Sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming of glycerol with CO2 in-situ capture and utilization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 452(4): 139703 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139703
178
R Ren, B Dou, H Zhang. et al.. Syngas production from CO2 reforming of glycerol by mesoporous Ni/CeO2 catalysts. Fuel, 2023, 341: 127717 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127717
179
B Dou, H Zhang, G Cui. et al.. Hydrogen production by sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming of ethanol in an alternating fixed-bed reactor: Sorbent to catalyst ratio dependencies. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 155: 243–252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.075
180
A Gonzalez-Diaz, L Jiang, M O Gonzalez-Diaz. et al.. Hydrogen production via ammonia from methane integrated with enhanced oil recovery: A techno-economic analysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9(2): 105050 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105050
181
M Katebah, M Al-Rawashdeh, P Linke. Analysis of hydrogen production costs in steam-methane reforming considering integration with electrolysis and CO2 capture. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2022, 10: 100552 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100552
182
J C Meerman, E S Hamborg, T van Keulen. et al.. Techno-economic assessment of CO2 capture at steam methane reforming facilities using commercially available technology. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012, 9: 160–171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.02.018
183
G Collodi. Hydrogen production via steam reforming with CO2 capture. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2010, 19: 37–42
184
H Yang, J J Kaczur, S D Sajjad. et al.. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid utilizing SustainionTM membranes. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2017, 20: 208–217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.04.011
185
A Mukherjee, J A Okolie, A Abdelrasoul. et al.. Review of post-combustion carbon dioxide capture technologies using activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2019, 83: 46–63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.014
186
A IrabienM Alvarez-GuerraJ Albo, et al.. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to value-added products. In: Martínez-Huitle C A, Rodrigo M A, Scialdone O, eds. Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment. Butterworth: Heinemann, 2018, 29–59
187
S Verma, B Kim, H R M Jhong. et al.. A gross-margin model for defining technoeconomic benchmarks in the electroreduction of CO2. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(15): 1972–1979 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201600394
188
M Jouny, W Luc, F Jiao. General techno-economic analysis of CO2 electrolysis systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57(6): 2165–2177 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03514
