C. C. CHAN1, Wei HAN2(), Hanlei TIAN3, Yanbing LIU4, Tianlu MA4, C. Q. JIANG4
1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China 2. Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China; Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; HKUST Shenzhen–Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen 518048, China 3. Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China 4. Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
The automotive industry is in the midst of a groundbreaking revolution, driven by the imperative to achieve intelligent driving and carbon neutrality. A crucial aspect of this transformation is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs), which necessitates widespread changes throughout the entire automotive ecosystem. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of this transition, including automotive electrification, intelligence-connected transportation system, and the potential for new technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells. Meanwhile, it discusses the key technologies and progress of the hydrogen energy industry chain in the upstream hydrogen production, midstream hydrogen storage and transportation, downstream hydrogen station construction and hydrogen fuel cells in turn. Finally, it proposes the directions for future layout, providing guidance for future development.
Low operating cost, well-established technology, widely available charging infrastructure
Zero emissions, high energy density, quick refueling time
Tab.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Hydrogen production method
Reaction introduction
Merit
Demerit
Hydrogen production by fossil fuels
Hydrogen production from coal
Mainly divided into coal coking and coal gasification
High output, low cost, mature technology
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Hydrogen production from natural gas and light oil
React with water vapor to produce hydrogen products
High output and low cost
Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water
An oxidation-reduction reaction that decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen by DC
Environmental protection, high purity
High cost
Tab.2
Tunnel
Highway (Liquid hydrogen)
Highway (Compressed hydrogen)
Advantage
Large volume, high efficiency, storable, low variable cost
Transportation volume larger than compressed hydrogen, efficiency
Small batch transportation
Shortcoming
High capital density
Liquefaction and evaporation loss
Small transportation volume
Scope of application
Large transportation capacity
Long distance
Small transportation volume
Weight
< 1×105 kg/h
< 4000 kg (per car)
< 400 kg (per car)
Cost
2×105–1×106 USD/km
3×105–4×105 USD (per car)
2.5×105–3×105 USD (per car)
Efficiency
99.2% (per 100 km)
99% (per 100 km)
94% (per 100 km)
Projected cost
4.3×10−5–1.75×10−3 USD/(km?kg)
4.6×10−3 USD/(km?kg)
1.71×10−2 USD/(km?kg)
Distance
250 km
50 km
50 km
Material required
Gas compressor
Fuel
Fuel
Tab.3
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