IDEEA activity monitor: validity of activity recognition for lying, reclining, sitting and standing
IDEEA activity monitor: validity of activity recognition for lying, reclining, sitting and standing
Yuyu Jiang1,2(), Janet L. Larson1
1. Division of Acute, Critical and Long Term Care Programs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA; 2. Division of Medicine, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Recent evidence demonstrates the independent negative effects of sedentary behavior on health, but there are few objective measures of sedentary behavior. Most instruments measure physical activity and are not validated as measures of sedentary behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the IDEEA system’s measures of sedentary and low-intensity physical activities: lying, reclining, sitting and standing. Thirty subjects, 14 men and 16 women, aged 23 to 77 years, body mass index (BMI) between 18 to 34 kg/m2, participated in the study. IDEEA measures were compared to direct observation for 27 activities: 10 lying in bed, 3 lying on a sofa, 1 reclining in a lawn chair, 10 sitting and 3 standing. Two measures are reported, the percentage of activities accurately identified and the percentage of monitored time that was accurately labeled by the IDEEA system for all subjects. A total of 91.6% of all observed activities were accurately identified and 92.4% of the total monitored time was accurately labeled. The IDEEA system did not accurately differentiate between lying and reclining so the two activities were combined for calculating accuracy. Using this approach the IDEEA system accurately identified 96% of sitting activities for a total of 97% of the monitored sitting time, 99% and 99% for standing, 87% and 88% for lying in bed, 87% and 88% for lying on the sofa, and 83% and 83% for reclining on a lawn chair. We conclude that the IDEEA system accurately recognizes sitting and standing positions, but it is less accurate in identifying lying and reclining positions. We recommend combining the lying and reclining activities to improve accuracy. The IDEEA system enables researchers to monitor lying, reclining, sitting and standing with a reasonable level of accuracy and has the potential to advance the science of sedentary behaviors and low-intensity physical activities.
. IDEEA activity monitor: validity of activity recognition for lying, reclining, sitting and standing[J]. Frontiers of Medicine, 0, (): 126-131.
Yuyu Jiang, Janet L. Larson. IDEEA activity monitor: validity of activity recognition for lying, reclining, sitting and standing. Front Med, 0, (): 126-131.
Age (year)Height (m)Mass of body (kg)BMI (kg/m2)Number of overweight (BMI 25 – 29.9)Number of obese (BMI≥30)Accurate measure time (min)% of accurate timeAccuracy of activity recognition (%)
Sitting in straight-backed chair with no arms, feet flat
100
100
2
Sitting in rocking chair, rocking at comfortable speed
100
100
3
Sitting in straight-backed chair with one leg under subject, sitting on one leg
100
100
4
Sitting in padded stationary chair with legs crossed, right over left, assumed comfortable position
100
100
5
Sitting in padded stationary chair with legs crossed, left over right and foot swinging, assumed comfortable position
100
100
6
Sitting in straight-backed chair without arms, feet stretched straight out
83
82
7
Sitting in wide swivel armchair, assumed comfortable position
97
97
8
Sitting in wide swivel armchair, feet elevated on coffee table
90
96
9
Sitting in padded stationary chair with legs crossed, left over left and foot swinging, assumed comfortable position
97
97
10
Sitting in padded stationary chair with legs crossed, right over right, assumed comfortable position
97
97
11
Standing, straight, unsupported
97
97
12
Standing, leaning against the counter and washing dishes
100
100
13
Standing, leaning against the counter, right or left side
100
100
Tab.2
Number
Position
% of activities accurately identified
% of monitored time accurately labeled
14
Reclining in lawn chair, assumed comfortable position
83
83
15
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), right side, knees flexed in comfortable position
97
97
16
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), right side, knees flexed tightly, but comfortably
87
87
17
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), left side, knees flexed in comfortable position
100
100
18
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), left side, knees flexed tightly, but comfortably
100
100
19
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), flat on the back with one pillow under head
87
87
20
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), flat on back with two pillows under head
90
91
21
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), on abdomen, assumed naturally comfortable position
60
65
22
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), on abdomen, right leg flexed and pulled up under subject
93
93
23
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), on abdomen, left leg flexed and pulled up under subject
82
80
24
Lying in bed (used pillows as needed for comfort), assumed favorite sleeping position
73
73
25
Lying on sofa (used pillows as needed for comfort), right side, watching TV
83
87
26
Lying on sofa (used pillows as needed for comfort), left side, watching TV
80
80
27
Lying on sofa (used pillows as needed for comfort), flat on back, watching TV
97
98
Tab.3
1
Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, Hagstr?mer M, Craig CL, Bull FC, Pratt M, Venugopal K, Chau J, Sj?str?m M; IPS Group. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Am J Prev Med 2011; 41(2): 228–235 doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.003 pmid:21767731
2
Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 2007; 56(11): 2655–2667 doi: 10.2337/db07-0882 pmid:17827399
3
Owen N, Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW. Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2010; 38(3): 105–113 doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2 pmid:20577058
4
Santos D, Silva A, Baptista F, Santos R, Vale S, Mota J, Sardinha LB. Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independently related to functional fitness in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47(12): 908–912 doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.011 pmid:22884978
5
Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, Bouchard C. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41(5): 998–1005 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930355 pmid:19346988
6
Katzmarzyk PT, Lee IM. Sedentary behaviour and life expectancy in the USA: a cause-deleted life table analysis. BMJ Open 2012; 2(4): e000828 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000828 pmid:22777603
7
Shephard RJ. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37(3): 197–206, discussion 206 doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.197 pmid:12782543
8
Prince SA, Adamo KB, Hamel ME, Hardt J, Gorber SC, Tremblay M. A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008; 5(1): 56 doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-56 pmid:18990237
9
Klesges RC, Eck LH, Mellon MW, Fulliton W, Somes GW, Hanson CL. The accuracy of self-reports of physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22(5): 690–697 doi: 10.1249/00005768-199010000-00022 pmid:2233209
10
Zhang K, Werner P, Sun M, Pi-Sunyer FX, Boozer CN. Measurement of human daily physical activity. Obes Res 2003; 11(1): 33–40 doi: 10.1038/oby.2003.7 pmid:12529483
11
Mackey AH, Hewart P, Walt SE, Stott NS. The sensitivity and specificity of an activity monitor in detecting functional activities in young people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90(8): 1396–1401 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.029 pmid:19651274
12
Zhang K, Pi-Sunyer FX, Boozer CN. Improving energy expenditure estimation for physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(5): 883–889 doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000126585.40962.22 pmid:15126725
13
Ainsworth BE. The compendium of physical activities tracking guide. 2002. http://prevention.sph.sc.edu/tools/docs/documents_ compendium.pdf (Accessed on June19, 2010)
14
Whybrow S, Ritz P, Horgan G, Stubbs R. An evaluation of the IDEEATM activity monitor for estimating energy expenditure. Br J Nutr2012 Apri 2. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1017/S0007114512000645
15
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O’Brien WL, Bassett DR Jr, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(9 Suppl): S498–S504 doi: 10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009 pmid:10993420
16
Sahlin C, Franklin KA, Stenlund H, Lindberg E. Sleep in women: Normal values for sleep stages and position and the effect of age, obesity, sleep apnea, smoking, alcohol and hypertension. Sleep Med 2009; 10(9): 1025–1030 doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.12.008 pmid:19345643
17
Gordon S, Grimmer-Sommers K, Trott P. Sleep position, age, gender, sleep quality and waking cervico-thoracic symptoms. Internet J Allied Health Sci Pract 2007;5(1):8. http://ijahsp.nova.edu (Accessed on February3, 2011)
18
Thorp A, Healy G, Owen N, Salmon J, Ball K, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Dunstan DW. Deleterious associations of sitting time and television viewing time with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers: AusDiab 2004–2005. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(2): 327–334 doi: 10.2337/dc09-0493 pmid:19918003
19
Helmerhorst HJ, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Objectively measured sedentary time may predict insulin resistance independent of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity. Diabetes 2009; 58(8): 1776–1779 doi: 10.2337/db08-1773 pmid:19470610
20
Wijndaele K, Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Barnett AG, Salmon J, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Owen N. Increased cardiometabolic risk is associated with increased TV viewing time. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42(8): 1511–1518 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d322ac pmid:20139784