1. Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China 2. Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China 3. Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
Overall response rate for on-target lesions: 90% (9/10)
[201]
T-VEC (HSV-1)
GM-CSF
Ipilimumab
Unresectable stage IIIB–IV melanoma
Objective response rate: 50%
[202]
T-VEC (HSV-1)
GM-CSF
Ipilimumab
Advanced melanoma
Objective response rate: 39% (combination therapy) versus 18% (ipilimumab alone)
[203]
Combinations with CAR T cell therapies
OAd-BiTE (Adenovirus)
EGFR-targeting-BiTE
CAR-T cell targeting the FR-a
Solid tumors (SKOV3, HCT116, and Panc-1 cell)
Median survival: all animals survived until the experimental endpoint of 41 days (CAR-T cells and OAd-BiTE) versus 20 days (OAd-BiTE alone) or 38 days (CAR-T cells alone)
[204]
OAd-TNFa-IL2 (Adenovirus)
TNF-a and IL-2
Mesothelin-redirected CAR-T cell
Pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3, Capan-2, and AsPC-1 cell line, AsPC-1 tumor xenograft model)
Survival rate: 73% (GD2.CAR-T cells and Ad5D24.RANTES.IL15) vs. 44% (GD2.CAR-T cells and Ad5D24) at day 45
[206]
CAd12_PDL1 (Adenovirus)
PD-L1-antibody, IL-12p70
HER2.CAR-T cell
HNSCC xenograft model
Median survival: more than 100 days (CAd12_PDL-1+ CAR-T) vs. 21 or 24 days (control group)
[207]
CAd-VECPDL1 (Adenovirus)
PD-L1mini-body
HER2.CAR-T cell
Solid tumor cell lines (PC-3, A549, HepG2)
Median survival: 110 days (twofold longer than mice treated with a single agent)
[208]
Tab.3
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