1. State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China 2. National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Oncolytic virus (OV)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, offering a unique potential to selectively target malignant cells while sparing normal tissues. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumor microenvironment (TME) poses a substantial hurdle to the development of OVs as effective immunotherapeutic agents, as it restricts the activation and recruitment of immune cells. This review elucidates the potential of OV-based immunotherapy in modulating the immune landscape within the TME to overcome immune resistance and enhance antitumor immune responses. We examine the role of OVs in targeting specific immune cell populations, including dendritic cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, and their ability to alter the TME by inhibiting angiogenesis and reducing tumor fibrosis. Additionally, we explore strategies to optimize OV-based drug delivery and improve the efficiency of OV-mediated immunotherapy. In conclusion, this review offers a concise and comprehensive synopsis of the current status and future prospects of OV-based immunotherapy, underscoring its remarkable potential as an effective immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
Non-small cell lung cancer/triple-negative breast cancer
NCT03004183
Phase II; not yet recruiting
HSV
R130
Anti-CD3 scFv/ CD86/PD1/HSV2-US11
/
Solid tumors
NCT05961111
Phase I; recruiting
OH2
GM-CSF
Anti-PD-1/axitinib
Melanoma stage IV
NCT05070221
Phase I; not yet recruiting
HF10
/
Ipilimumab
Melanoma stage III/IV
NCT03153085
Phase II; completed
T-VEC
GM-CSF
Pembrolizumab
Sarcoma/cutaneous angiosarcoma
NCT03069378
Phase II; completed
Vaccinia virus
VV-GMCSF-Lact
GM-CSF/Lactaptin
/
Metastatic breast cancer
NCT05376527
Phase I; recruiting
RGV004
Anti-CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody
/
B cell lymphoma
NCT04887025
Phase I; recruiting
hV01
IL-21
/
Advanced solid tumors
NCT05914376
Phase I; recruiting
Reovirus
PeLareorEp
/
Paclitaxel/avelumab
Breast cancer metastatic
NCT04215146
Phase II; not yet recruiting
Poliovirus
PVSRIPO
/
/
Glioblastoma
NCT01491893
Phase I; completed
Newcastle disease virus
MEDI9253
IL-12
Durvalumab
Solid tumors
NCT04613492
Phase I; not yet recruiting
Tab.1
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