1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China 2. Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China 3. Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is regarded as one of the most potential candidates for replacing current implant applications. To obtain good bone-implant interfaces, many modification methods have been developed to enable PEEK and PEEK-based composites from bio-inert to bioactive. Among them, physical methods have aroused significant attention and been widely used to modify PEEK for orthopedic implants. This review summarizes current physical modification techniques of PEEK for orthopedic applications, which include composite strategies, surface coating methods and irradiation treatments. The positive consequences of those modification methods will encourage continuing investigations and stimulate the wide range of applications of PEEK-based implants in orthopedics.
In vitro analysis: with no significant effect on cell proliferation, but high cell differentiation ability of osteoblasts
[35–36]
PEEK/HA
compounding and injection molding
In vivo analysis: with the emerging of the presence of osteocytes, fibro-vascular tissue providing blood supply to the forming bone; SEM confirmed mature bone tissue can be observed adjacent to the bone–implant interface in close apposition
[38]
PEEK/HA
compounding and injection molding
In vitro analysis: with the apatite formation and the extent of which increased with the volume fraction of HA in the composite by SBF immersion test
[39]
PEEK/HA
in situ synthesis
In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great improvement on mechanical property and bonding state between PEEK and HA and seamless bone-implant interface was observed
[42–43]
PEEK/Sr–HA
compounding and compression molding
In vitro analysis: with great bone bonding ability in SBF immersion test; great cell mineralization results, but the cell proliferation and ALP tests were not remarkable
[46]
PEEK/β-TCP
compounding and injection molding
In vitro analysis: with a low cell proliferation result
[53]
PEEK/β-TCP
laser sintering
In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great osteoblasts cells viability and higher interfacial strength in vivo, but the cell proliferation and differentiation results were poor
[54–55]
HA-coated PEEK
plasma spraying
In vivo analysis: with a high BIC ratio
[56]
HA-coated PEEK
cold spraying
In vitro and in vivo analysis: with good results of cells proliferation, tensile strength tests and high BIC ratio
[57]
HA-coated PEEK
aerosol deposition
In vitro and in vivo analysis: with a great cellular response and a high BIC ratio
[67]
Ti-coated PEEK
ionic plasma deposition
In vitro analysis: with greate osteoblast adhesion
[68]
Ti-coated PEEK
electron beam deposition
In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great results of the cell proliferation and a significantly high ALP level as well as an excellent BIC ratio
[69]
NanoHA-coated PEEK
spin coating
In vivo analysis: with a high mean BIC ratio
[70]
HA-coated PEEK/Mg
compression molding and deposition
In vitro analysis: with excellent mechanical properties and great biocompatibility
[71]
Tab.2
Fig.5
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