Binary phase solid-state photopolymerization of acrylates: design, characterization and biomineralization of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
Inamullah MAITLO, Safdar ALI, Muhammad Yasir AKRAM, Farooq Khurum SHEHZAD, Jun NIE()
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
Porous polymer scaffolds designed by the cryogel method are attractive materials for a range of tissue engineering applications. However, the use of toxic cross-linker for retaining the pore structure limits their clinical applications. In this research, acrylates (HEA/PEGDA, HEMA/PEGDA and PEGDA) were used in the low-temperature soli d-state photopolymerization to produce porous scaffolds with good structural retention. The morphology, pore diameter, mineral deposition and water absorption of the scaffold were characterized by SEM and water absorption test respectively. Elemental analysis and cytotoxicity of the biomineralized scaffold were revealed by using XRD and MTT assay test. The PEGDA-derived scaffold showed good water absorption ability and a higher degree of porosity with larger pore size compared to others. XRD patterns and IR results confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals from an alternative socking process. The overall cell proliferation was excellent, where PEGDA-derived scaffold had the highest and the most uniform cell growth, while HEMA/PEGDA scaffold showed the least. These results suggest that the cell proliferation and adhesion are directly proportional to the pore size, the shape and the porosity of scaffolds.
. [J]. Frontiers of Materials Science, 2017, 11(4): 307-317.
Inamullah MAITLO, Safdar ALI, Muhammad Yasir AKRAM, Farooq Khurum SHEHZAD, Jun NIE. Binary phase solid-state photopolymerization of acrylates: design, characterization and biomineralization of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Front. Mater. Sci., 2017, 11(4): 307-317.
Nunes-Pereira J, Ribeiro S, Ribeiro C , et al.. Poly (vinylidene fluoride) and copolymers as porous membranes for tissue engineering applications. Polymer Testing, 2015, 44: 234–241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.05.001
2
Li X M, Cui R R, Sun L W, et al.. 3D-printed biopolymers for tissue engineering application. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2014, 2014: 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/829145
3
Chen G, Sato T, Ushida T , et al.. Tissue engineering of cartilage using a hybrid scaffold of synthetic polymer and collagen. Tissue Engineering, 2004, 10(3‒4): 323–330 https://doi.org/10.1089/107632704323061681
pmid: 15165449
4
Kutlusoy T, Oktay B, Apohan N K , et al.. Chitosan-co-hyaluronic acid porous cryogels and their application in tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017, 103: 366–378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.067
pmid: 28526348
Dhandayuthapani B, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T , et al.. Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011, 609–618 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/290602
7
Martin I, Obradovic B, Treppo S , et al.. Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage. Biorheology, 2000, 37(1‒2): 141–147
pmid: 10912186
Kim H D, Bae E H, Kwon I C, et al.. Effect of PEG-PLLA diblock copolymer on macroporous PLLA scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(12): 2319–2329 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.011
pmid: 14741597
12
Li X, Liu X, Dong W , et al.. In vitro evaluation of porous poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold reinforced by chitin fibers. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009, 90(2): 503–509 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31311
pmid: 19145630
13
Grey C P, Newton S T, Bowlin G L, et al.. Gradient fiber electrospinning of layered scaffolds using controlled transitions in fiber diameter. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(21): 4993–5006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.033
pmid: 23602367
14
Liu H, Nakagawa K, Chaudhary D , et al.. Freeze-dried macroporous foam prepared from chitosan/xanthan gum/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2011, 89(11): 2356–2364 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2011.02.023
15
Jain E, Srivastava A, Kumar A . Macroporous interpenetrating cryogel network of poly(acrylonitrile) and gelatin for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2009, 20(S1): S173–S179 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3504-4
pmid: 18597161
16
Sahiner N, Demirci S. Conducting semi-interpenetrating polymeric composites via the preparation of poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), and poly(pyrrole) polymers within superporous poly(acrylic acid) cryogels. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 2016, 105: 60–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.05.017
17
Plieva F M, Karlsson M, Aguilar M R , et al.. Pore structure in supermacroporous polyacrylamide based cryogels. Soft Matter, 2005, 1(4): 303–309 https://doi.org/10.1039/b510010k
18
Liu R, Xu T, Wang C . A review of fabrication strategies and applications of porous ceramics prepared by freeze-casting method. Ceramics International, 2016, 42(2): 2907–2925 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.148
19
Gutiérrez M C , Ferrer M L , del Monte F . Ice-templated materials: sophisticated structures exhibiting enhanced functionalities obtained after unidirectional freezing and ice-segregation-induced self-assembly. Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20(3): 634–648 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm702028z
20
Hennink W E, van Nostrum C F. Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012, 64(Supplement): 223–236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.009
Sachlos E, Czernuszka J T. Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. European Cells & Materials, 2003, 5(5): 29–40 https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v005a03
pmid: 14562270
23
Lu T, Li Y, Chen T . Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2013, 8: 337–350 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S38635
pmid: 23345979
24
Tao Y, Zhang R, Yang W , et al.. Carboxymethylated hyperbranched polysaccharide: Synthesis, solution properties, and fabrication of hydrogel. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, 128: 179–187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.012
pmid: 26005154
25
Henderson T M , Ladewig K , Haylock D N , et al.. Cryogels for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B: Materials for Biology and Medicine, 2013, 1(21): 2682–2695 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20280a
26
Beauchamp R O , St Clair M B G , Fennell T R , et al.. A critical review of the toxicology of glutaraldehyde. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1992, 22(3‒4): 143–174 https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449209145322
pmid: 1388704
27
Plieva F M, Karlsson M, Aguilar M R , et al.. Pore structure of macroporous monolithic cryogels prepared from poly (vinyl alcohol). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 100(2): 1057–1066 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23200
28
Freed L E, Hollander A P, Martin I, et al.. Chondrogenesis in a cell-polymer-bioreactor system. Experimental Cell Research, 1998, 240(1): 58–65 https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1998.4010
pmid: 9570921
Burdick J A, Anseth K S. Photoencapsulation of osteoblasts in injectable RGD-modified PEG hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2002, 23(22): 4315–4323 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00176-X
pmid: 12219821
Hwang Y, Sangaj N, Varghese S . Interconnected macroporous poly(ethylene glycol) cryogels as a cell scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A, 2010, 16(10): 3033–3041 https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0045
pmid: 20486791
Chung B G, Lee K H, Khademhosseini A, et al.. Microfluidic fabrication of microengineered hydrogels and their application in tissue engineering. Lab on a Chip, 2012, 12(1): 45–59 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1LC20859D
pmid: 22105780
35
Zhu J, Marchant R E. Design properties of hydrogel tissue-engineering scaffolds. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2011, 8(5): 607–626 https://doi.org/10.1586/erd.11.27
pmid: 22026626
36
Annabi N, Nichol J W, Zhong X, et al.. Controlling the porosity and microarchitecture of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 2010, 16(4): 371–383 https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0639
pmid: 20121414
37
Van Vlierberghe S , Dubruel P , Schacht E . Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review. Biomacromolecules, 2011, 12(5): 1387–1408 https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200083n
pmid: 21388145
38
Ravichandran R, Venugopal J R, Sundarrajan S, et al.. Precipitation of nanohydroxyapatite on PLLA/PBLG/collagen nanofibrous structures for the differentiation of adipose derived stem cells to osteogenic lineage. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(3): 846–855 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.030
pmid: 22048006
39
Omidian H, Park K, Kandalam U , et al.. Swelling and mechanical properties of modified HEMA-based superporous hydrogels. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2010, 25(5): 483–497 https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911510375175
40
Ji L, Chang W, Cui M , et al.. Photopolymerization kinetics and volume shrinkage of 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate at different temperature. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2013, 252: 216–221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.12.010
41
Chang W, Mu X, Zhu X , et al.. Biomimetic composite scaffolds based mineralization of hydroxyapatite on electrospun calcium-containing poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2013, 33(7): 4369–4376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.06.023
pmid: 23910355
42
Rodríguez K , Renneckar S , Gatenholm P . Biomimetic calcium phosphate crystal mineralization on electrospun cellulose-based scaffolds. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2011, 3(3): 681–689 https://doi.org/10.1021/am100972r
pmid: 21355545
Liu M, Dai L, Shi H , et al.. In vitro evaluation of alginate/halloysite nanotube composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2015, 49: 700–712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.037
pmid: 25686999
45
Kang Z, Zhang X, Chen Y , et al.. Preparation of polymer/calcium phosphate porous composite as bone tissue scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2017, 70(Pt 2): 1125–1131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.008
pmid: 27772713
46
Zhu X, Loh X J. Layer-by-layer assemblies for antibacterial applications. Biomaterials Science, 2015, 3(12): 1505–1518 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5BM00307E
pmid: 26415703
47
Dumont V C, Mansur H S, Mansur A A, et al.. Glycol chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite biocomposites for potential bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016, 93(Pt B): 1465–1478 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.030
pmid: 27086294
48
Yang D, Zhang J, Xue J , et al.. Electrospinning of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanofibers with feature surface microstructure. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013, 127(4): 2867–2874 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37653
49
Jiang S, Poh Y Z, Loh X J. POSS-based hybrid cationic copolymers with low aggregation potential for efficient gene delivery. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(87): 71322–71328 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12580D
50
Kang Z, Zhang X, Chen Y , et al.. Preparation of polymer/calcium phosphate porous composite as bone tissue scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2017, 70(Pt 2): 1125–1131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.008
pmid: 27772713
51
Ma G, Yang D, Wang K , et al.. Organic-soluble chitosan/polyhydroxybutyrate ultrafine fibers as skin regeneration prepared by electrospinning. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010, 118(6): 3619–3624 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32671
52
Boyan B D, Schwartz Z. Regenerative medicine: Are calcium phosphate ceramics ‘smart’ biomaterials? Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 2011, 7(1): 8–9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2010.210
pmid: 21206482
53
Porter J R, Ruckh T T, Popat K C. Bone tissue engineering: a review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies. Biotechnology Progress, 2009, 25(6): 1539–1560
pmid: 19824042
54
Kretlow J D, Mikos A G. Review: mineralization of synthetic polymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 2007, 13(5): 927–938 https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.0394
pmid: 17430090
55
Shor L, Güçeri S, Wen X , et al.. Fabrication of three-dimensional polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite tissue scaffolds and osteoblast-scaffold interactions in vitro. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(35): 5291–5297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.018
pmid: 17884162
56
He M, Wang Z, Cao Y , et al.. Construction of chitin/PVA composite hydrogels with jellyfish gel-like structure and their biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules, 2014, 15(9): 3358–3365 https://doi.org/10.1021/bm500827q
pmid: 25077674