1. Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
As an excellent room temperature sensing material, polyaniline (PANI) needs to be further investigated in the field of high sensitivity and sustainable gas sensors due to its long recovery time and difficulty to complete recovery. The ZnO/PANI film with p‒n heterogeneous energy levels have successfully prepared by spraying ZnO nanorod synthesized by hydrothermal method on the PANI film rapidly synthesized at the gas‒liquid interface. The presence of p‒n heterogeneous energy levels enables the ZnO/PANI film to detect 0.1‒100 ppm (1 ppm = 10−6) NH3 at room temperature with the response value to 100 ppm NH3 doubled (12.96) and the recovery time shortened to 1/5 (31.2 s). The ability of high response and fast recovery makes the ZnO/PANI film to be able to detect NH3 at room temperature continuously. It provides a new idea for PANI to prepare sustainable room temperature sensor and promotes the development of room temperature sensor in public safety.
N R, Tanguy M, Thompson N Yan . A review on advances in application of polyaniline for ammonia detection.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 257: 1044–1064 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.008
2
C, Love H, Nazemi E, El-Masri et al.. A review on advanced sensing materials for agricultural gas sensors.Sensors, 2021, 21: 3423 https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103423
pmid: 34069067
3
X, Liu W, Zheng R, Kumar et al.. Conducting polymer-based nanostructures for gas sensors.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 462: 214517 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214517
4
M A, Farea H Y, Mohammed S M, Shirsat et al.. Hazardous gases sensors based on conducting polymer composites.Chemical Physics Letters, 2021, 776: 138703 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138703
5
M, Beygisangchin Rashid S, Abdul S, Shafie et al.. Preparations, properties, and applications of polyaniline and polyaniline thin films — a review.Polymers, 2021, 13(12): 2003 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13122003
pmid: 34207392
6
J M G, Laranjeira Silva E F Jr, da Azevedo W M, de et al.. AFM studies of polyaniline nanofilms irradiated with gamma rays.Microelectronics Journal, 2003, 34(5–8): 511–513 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-2692(03)00099-5
7
V V, Chabukswar S, Pethkar A A Athawale . Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2001, 77(3): 657–663 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00780-8
8
T, Zhang H, Qi Z, Liao et al.. Engineering crystalline quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline thin film with enhanced electrical and chemiresistive sensing performances.Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 4225 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11921-3
pmid: 31548543
9
A L, Kukla Y M, Shirshov S A Piletsky . Ammonia sensors based on sensitive polyaniline films.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996, 37(3): 135–140 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80128-1
10
P P, Sengupta S, Barik B Adhikari . Polyaniline as a gas-sensor material.Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2006, 21(3): 263–270 https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910500464602
11
Y F, Sun S B, Liu F L, Meng et al.. Metal oxide nanostructures and their gas sensing properties: a review.Sensors, 2012, 12(3): 2610–2631 https://doi.org/10.3390/s120302610
pmid: 22736968
12
D L, Zhang J B, Zhang Z, Guo et al.. Optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films with low resistivity via Li–N dual-acceptor doping.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509(20): 5962–5968 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.028
13
G Murugadoss . Synthesis and characterization of transition metals doped ZnO nanorods.Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2012, 28(7): 587–593 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60102-9
14
J Y, Zhang H B, Feng W C, Hao et al.. Luminescence of nanosized ZnO/polyaniline films prepared by self-assembly.Ceramics International, 2007, 33(5): 785–788 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.01.009
15
L C, Ji L, Huang Y, Liu et al.. Optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide/indium/zinc oxide multilayer structures.Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519(11): 3789–3791 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.243
16
Z, Li X, Liu M, Zhou et al.. Plasma-induced oxygen vacancies enabled ultrathin ZnO films for highly sensitive detection of triethylamine.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 415: 125757 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125757
pmid: 34088211
17
V, Kruefu A, Wisitsoraat A, Tuantranont et al.. Gas sensing properties of conducting polymer/Au-loaded ZnO nanoparticle composite materials at room temperature.Nanoscale Research Letters, 2014, 9(1): 467 https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-467
pmid: 25246871
18
M, Das D Sarkar . One-pot synthesis of zinc oxide-polyaniline nanocomposite for fabrication of efficient room temperature ammonia gas sensor.Ceramics International, 2017, 43(14): 11123–11131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.05.159
19
V, Gilja I, Živkovic T, Klaser et al.. The impact of in situ polymerization conditions on the structures and properties of PANI/ZnO-based multiphase composite photocatalysts.Catalysts, 2020, 10(4): 400 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040400
20
H, Parangusan J, Bhadra Z, Ahmad et al.. Humidity sensor based on poly(lactic acid)/PANI‒ZnO composite electrospun fibers.RSC Advances, 2021, 11(46): 28735–28743 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA02842A
pmid: 35478584
21
S L, Patil M A, Chougule S, Sen et al.. Measurements on room temperature gas sensing properties of CSA doped polyaniline–ZnO nanocomposites.Measurement, 2012, 45(3): 243–249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.012
22
R, Gao X L, Cheng S, Gao et al.. Highly selective detection of saturated vapors of abused drugs by ZnO nanorod bundles gas sensor.Applied Surface Science, 2019, 485: 266–273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.189
23
C H, Liu H L, Tai P, Zhang et al.. A high-performance flexible gas sensor based on self-assembled PANI–CeO2 nanocomposite thin film for trace-level NH3 detection at room temperature.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 261: 587–597 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.022
24
L, Kumar I, Rawal A, Kaur et al.. Flexible room temperature ammonia sensor based on polyaniline.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 240: 408–416 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.173
25
Y, Li M F, Jiao H J, Zhao et al.. High performance gas sensors based on in-situ fabricated ZnO/polyaniline nanocomposite: the effect of morphology on the sensing properties.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 264: 285–295 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.157
26
Z, Wu X, Sun X, Guo et al.. Development of a rGO-BiVO4 heterojunction humidity sensor with boosted performance.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(23): 27188–27199 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05753
pmid: 34096254
27
T K, Sarma A Chattopadhyay . Reversible encapsulation of nanometer-size polyaniline and polyaniline‒Au‒nanoparticle composite in starch.Langmuir, 2004, 20(11): 4733–4737 https://doi.org/10.1021/la0495884
pmid: 15969190
28
B K, Sharma A K, Gupta N, Khare et al.. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline–ZnO composite and its dielectric behavior.Synthetic Metals, 2009, 159(5–6): 391–395 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.10.010
29
M, Dhingra L, Kumar S, Shrivastava et al.. Impact of interfacial interactions on optical and ammonia sensing in zinc oxide/polyaniline structures.Bulletin of Materials Science, 2013, 36(4): 647–652 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-013-0508-6
30
B, Altun Er I, Karaduman A O, Çağırtekin et al.. Effect of Cd dopant on structural, optical and CO2 gas sensing properties of ZnO thin film sensors fabricated by chemical bath deposition method.Applied Physics A, 2021, 127(9): 687 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04843-9
31
G K, Paul A, Bhaumik A S, Patra et al.. Enhanced photo-electric response of ZnO/polyaniline layer-by-layer self-assembled films.Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 106(2–3): 360–363 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.013
32
S, Gayathri P, Jayabal M, Kottaisamy et al.. Synthesis of ZnO decorated graphene nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic properties.Journal of Applied Physics, 2014, 115(17): 173504 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4874877
33
S, Jain N, Karmakar A, Shah et al.. Development of Ni doped ZnO/polyaniline nanocomposites as high response room temperature NO2 sensor.Materials Science and Engineering B, 2019, 247: 114381 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.114381
34
J X, Zhang C, Liu G Q Shi . Raman spectroscopic study on the structural changes of polyaniline during heating and cooling processes.Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005, 96(3): 732–739 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21520
35
R, Mažeikienė V, Tomkute Z, Kuodis et al.. Raman spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline and sulfonated polyaniline in solutions of different pH.Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2007, 44(2): 201–208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2006.09.005
36
M, Jain S Annapoorni . Raman study of polyaniline nanofibers prepared by interfacial polymerization.Synthetic Metals, 2010, 160(15–16): 1727–1732 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.06.008
Z X, Pei L Y, Ding M L, Lu et al.. Synergistic effect in polyaniline-hybrid defective ZnO with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability.The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(18): 9570–9577 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5020143
39
J M, Wu Y, Chen L, Pan et al.. Multi-layer monoclinic BiVO4 with oxygen vacancies and V4+ species for highly efficient visible-light photoelectrochemical applications.Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 221: 187–195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.09.031
40
D M, Xu M Y, Guan Q H, Xu et al.. Multilayer films of layered double hydroxide/polyaniline and their ammonia sensing behavior.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 262: 64–70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.034
pmid: 24012961
41
Q F, Chang K, Zhao X, Chen et al.. Preparation of gold/polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites and application in ammonia gas detection.Journal of Materials Science, 2008, 43(17): 5861–5866 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2827-3
42
C, Zhu X, Dong C, Guo et al.. Template-free synthesis of a wafer-sized polyaniline nanoscale film with high electrical conductivity for trace ammonia gas sensing.Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(22): 12150–12156 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA01825J
43
S G, Pawar M A, Chougule S L, Patil et al.. Room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on polyaniline‒TiO2 nanocomposite.IEEE Sensors Journal, 2011, 11(12): 3417–3423 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2011.2160392
44
M O, Ansari M M, Khan S A, Ansari et al.. Enhanced thermoelectric performance and ammonia sensing properties of sulfonated polyaniline/graphene thin films.Materials Letters, 2014, 114: 159–162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.09.098
45
Z Q, Wu X D, Chen S B, Zhu et al.. Enhanced sensitivity of ammonia sensor using graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013, 178: 485–493 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014
46
C, Wang M, Yang L, Liu et al.. One-step synthesis of polypyrrole/Fe2O3 nanocomposite and the enhanced response of NO2 at low temperature.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020, 560: 312–320 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.076
pmid: 31670226
47
Y C, Deng L, Tang G M, Zeng et al.. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of polyaniline modified mesoporous single crystal TiO2 microsphere.Applied Surface Science, 2016, 387: 882–893 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.026
48
C, Zhu U, Cakmak O, Sheikhnejad et al.. One step synthesis of PANI/Fe2O3 nanocomposites and flexible film for enhanced NH3 sensing performance at room temperature.Nanotechnology, 2019, 30(25): 255502 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab076e
pmid: 30769334
49
T M, Perfecto C A, Zito D P Volanti . Effect of NiS nanosheets on the butanone sensing performance of ZnO hollow spheres under humidity conditions.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 334: 129684 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129684
50
S, Srivastava S, Kumar V N, Singh et al.. Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doped polyaniline composites for hydrogen gas sensing.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(10): 6343–6355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.141
51
B H, Liu X Y, Liu Z, Yuan et al.. A flexible NO2 gas sensor based on polypyrrole/nitrogen-doped multiwall carbon nanotube operating at room temperature.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019, 295: 86–92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.05.065
52
U V, Patil N S, Ramgir N, Karmakar et al.. Room temperature ammonia sensor based on copper nanoparticle intercalated polyaniline nanocomposite thin films.Applied Surface Science, 2015, 339: 69–74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.164
53
V, Talwar O, Singh R C Singh . ZnO assisted polyaniline nanofibers and its application as ammonia gas sensor.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014, 191: 276–282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.09.106
