High-sensitivity formaldehyde gas sensor based on Ce-doped urchin-like SnO2 nanowires derived from calcination of Sn-MOFs
Wei Xiao1,2, Wei Yang1, Shantang Liu1()
1. Hubei Key Lab of Novel Reactor & Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China 2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted widespread attention due to their regular structures, multiple material centers, and various ligands. They are always considered as one kind of ideal templates for developing highly sensitive and selective gas sensors. In this study, the advantages of MOFs with the high specific surface area (71.9891 m2·g−1) and uniform morphology were fully utilized, and urchin-like SnO2 nanowires were obtained by the hydrothermal method followed by the calcination using Sn-MOFs consisting of the ligand of C9H6O6 (H3BTC) and Sn/Ce center ions as sacrificial templates. This unique urchin-like nanowire structure facilitated gas diffusion and adsorption, resulting in superior gas sensitivity. A series of Ce-doped SnO2 nanowires with different doping ratios were synthesized, and their gas sensing properties towards formaldehyde were studied. The resulted Ce-SnO2 was revealed to have high sensitivity (201.2 at 250 °C), rapid response (4 s), long-term stability, and good repeatability for formaldehyde sensing, and the gas sensing mechanism of Ce-SnO2 exposed to formaldehyde was also systematically discussed.
G, Fan L, Nie H, Wang et al.. Ce doped SnO/SnO2 heterojunctions for highly formaldehyde gas sensing at low temperature.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2022, 373: 132640 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132640
2
Y, Tang Y, Zhao H Liu . Room-temperature semiconductor gas sensors: challenges and opportunities.ACS Sensors, 2022, 7(12): 3582–3597 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c01142
3
C S, Reddy G, Murali A S, Reddy et al.. GO incorporated SnO2 nanotubes as fast response sensors for ethanol vapor in different atmospheres.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 813: 152251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152251
4
Y, Liu X, Li Y, Wang et al.. Hydrothermal synthesis of Au@SnO2 hierarchical hollow microspheres for ethanol detection.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2020, 319: 128299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128299
5
S Y, Jeong J S, Kim J H Lee . Rational design of semiconductor-based chemiresistors and their libraries for next-generation artificial olfaction.Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(51): 2002075 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002075
6
S, Zhou H, Wang J, Hu et al.. Formaldehyde gas sensor with extremely high response employing cobalt-doped SnO2 ultrafine nanoparticles.Nanoscale Advances, 2022, 4(3): 824–836 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00625H
7
X B, Li Z H, Luo Y, Zhang et al.. Excellent sensitivity of SnO2 nanoparticles to formaldehyde.Modern Physics Letters B, 2022, 36(32N33): 2250176 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984922501767
8
B, Feng Y, Feng Y, Li et al.. Synthesis of mesoporous Ag2O/SnO2 nanospheres for selective sensing of formaldehyde at a low working temperature.ACS Sensors, 2022, 7(12): 3963–3972 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c02232
9
D, Zhang Z, Yang S, Yu et al.. Diversiform metal oxide-based hybrid nanostructures for gas sensing with versatile prospects.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2020, 413: 213272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213272
10
H, Chen C, Li X, Zhang et al.. ZnO nanoplates with abundant porosity for significant formaldehyde-sensing.Materials Letters, 2020, 260: 126982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126982
11
J Y, Hwang Y, Lee G H, Lee et al.. Room-temperature ammonia gas sensing via Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanosheets.Discover Nano, 2023, 18(1): 47 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-023-03798-5
12
N M, Yusof S, Rozali S, Ibrahim et al.. Synthesis of hybridized fireworks-like go-Co3O4 nanorods for acetone gas sensing applications.Materials Today. Communications, 2023, 35: 105516 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105516
13
L J, Jian R, Peng Y Z, He et al.. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of urchin-like WO3 with excellent ammonia gas sensing property.Materials Letters, 2023, 336: 133897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.133897
14
S M, Majhi S T, Navale A, Mirzaei et al.. Strategies to boost chemiresistive sensing performance of In2O3-based gas sensors: an overview.Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 2023, 10(12): 3428–3467 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3QI00099K
15
H, Zhang K, Ou R, Guan et al.. A highly sensitive room-temperature NO2 gas sensor based on porous MnO2/rGO hybrid composites.Current Nanoscience, 2023, 19(3): 401–409 https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413718666220616154244
16
J E, Lee D Y, Kim H K, Lee et al.. Sonochemical synthesis of HKUST-1-based CuO decorated with Pt nanoparticles for formaldehyde gas-sensor applications.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019, 292: 289–296 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.04.062
17
H, Du W, Yang W, Yi et al.. Oxygen-plasma-assisted enhanced acetone-sensing properties of ZnO nanofibers by electrospinning.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(20): 23084–23093 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c03498
18
Z R, Zhang Y X, Wu H Y, Du et al.. Acetone sensing mechanism of Ar/O2 plasma modified indium oxide electrospun fibers: a combined DFT and experimental study.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 895: 162017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162017
19
B, Feng Y, Feng J, Qin et al.. Self-template synthesis of spherical mesoporous tin dioxide from tin-polyphenol-formaldehyde polymers for conductometric ethanol gas sensing.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 341: 129965 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129965
20
H, Wang Y, Qu Y, Li et al.. Effect of Ce3+ and Pd2+ doping on coral-like nanostructured SnO2 as acetone gas sensor.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2013, 13(3): 1858–1862 https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7131
21
P, Li B, Feng Y, Feng et al.. Synthesis of mesoporous lanthanum-doped SnO2 spheres for sensitive and selective detection of the glutaraldehyde disinfectant.ACS Sensors, 2023, 8(10): 3723–3732 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c00953
22
G, Wang S, Yang L, Cao et al.. Engineering mesoporous semiconducting metal oxides from metal-organic frameworks for gas sensing.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2021, 445: 214086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214086
23
Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cao et al.. Characterization of Sn-MOF and its adsorption application for acid red 3R.Materials Letters, 2021, 282: 128647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128647
24
Z, Deng Y, Zhang D, Xu et al.. Ultrasensitive formaldehyde sensor based on SnO2 with rich adsorbed oxygen derived from a metal organic framework.ACS Sensors, 2022, 7(9): 2577–2588 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c00589
25
Y Y, Feng P, Li J Wei . Engineering functional mesoporous materials from plant polyphenol based coordination polymers.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 468: 214649 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214649
26
J, Liu D, Xie X, Xu et al.. Reversible formation of coordination bonds in Sn-based metal–organic frameworks for high-performance lithium storage.Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 3131 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23335-1
27
S, Bai C, Liu R, Luo et al.. Metal organic frameworks-derived sensing material of SnO2/NiO composites for detection of triethylamine.Applied Surface Science, 2018, 437: 304–313 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.033
28
G, Wan F, Zhang R, Xue et al.. Ultrasensitive ethanol sensor based on Ce-modified SnO2 nanoflowers at low temperature.Materials Today. Communications, 2023, 36: 106547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106547
29
Y, Tan J Zhang . Synergistic effects in bimetallic (Co, Mn)-doped SnO2 nanobelts for greatly enhanced gas-sensing properties.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(44): 51549–51557 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c09313
30
Y, Yu S Liu . Facile synthesis of Ni-doped SnO2 nanorods and their high gas sensitivity to isopropanol.Frontiers of Materials Science, 2022, 16(1): 220585 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-022-0585-9
31
P, Song Q, Wang Z Yang . Preparation, characterization and acetone sensing properties of Ce-doped SnO2 hollow spheres.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2012, 173: 839–846 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.115
32
W, Qin L, Xu J, Song et al.. Highly enhanced gas sensing properties of porous SnO2–CeO2 composite nanofibers prepared by electrospinning.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013, 185: 231–237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.001
33
Z, Jiang Z, Guo B, Sun et al.. Highly sensitive and selective butanone sensors based on cerium-doped SnO2 thin films.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2010, 145(2): 667–673 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.014
34
Y, Chen M, Zhou Z, Dong et al.. Enhanced acetone detection performance using facile CeO2–SnO2 nanosheets.Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 2020, 126(1): 33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-3158-8
35
Y, Zhang C, Wang L, Zhao et al.. Preparation of Ce-doped SnO2 cuboids with enhanced 2-butanone sensing performance.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 341: 130039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130039
36
X, Zhang B, Liu Y, Xu et al.. Facile fabrication of cobalt-doped SnO2 for gaseous ethanol detection and the catalytic mechanism of cobalt.CrystEngComm, 2019, 21(48): 7528–7534 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CE01530B
37
B J, Wang S Y, Ma S T, Pei et al.. High specific surface area SnO2 prepared by calcining Sn-MOFs and their formaldehyde-sensing characteristics.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2020, 321: 128560 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128560
38
L, Liu S Liu . Oxygen vacancies as an efficient strategy for promotion of low concentration SO2 gas sensing: the case of Au-modified SnO2.ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6(10): 13427–13434 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03205
39
L, Jin X, Zhao X, Qian et al.. Nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in porous carbon and carbon nanotube hybrids from bimetallic metal–organic-frameworks for highly efficient adsorption of dyes.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2018, 509: 245–253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.002
40
K, Liu H P, You G, Jia et al.. Coordination-induced formation of one-dimensional nanostructures of europium benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate and its solid-state thermal transformation.Crystal Growth & Design, 2009, 9(8): 3519–3524 https://doi.org/10.1021/cg900252r
41
G, Mahalakshmi V Balachandran . FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra, normal coordinate analysis and ab initio computations of Trimesic acid.Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2014, 124: 535–547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.061
42
X, Lian Y, Li X, Tong et al.. Synthesis of Ce-doped SnO2 nanoparticles and their acetone gas sensing properties.Applied Surface Science, 2017, 407: 447–455 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.228
43
J, Liu M, Dai T, Wang et al.. Enhanced gas sensing properties of SnO2 hollow spheres decorated with CeO2 nanoparticles heterostructure composite materials.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(10): 6669–6677 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00169
44
D G, Pacheco-Salazar F F H, Aragón L, Villegas-Lelovsky et al.. Engineering of the band gap induced by Ce surface enrichment in Ce-doped SnO2 nanocrystals.Applied Surface Science, 2020, 527: 146794 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146794
45
U, Holzwarth N Gibson . The Scherrer equation versus the ‘Debye–Scherrer equation’.Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 6(9): 534 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.145
46
D, Liu T, Liu H, Zhang et al.. Gas sensing mechanism and properties of Ce-doped SnO2 sensors for volatile organic compounds.Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2012, 15(4): 438–444 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2012.02.015
47
C, Korsvik S, Patil S, Seal et al.. Superoxide dismutase mimetic properties exhibited by vacancy engineered ceria nanoparticles.Chemical Communications, 2007, 10(10): 1056–1058 https://doi.org/10.1039/b615134e
48
R, Feng K, Tian Y, Zhang et al.. Recognition of M2 type tumor-associated macrophages with ultrasensitive and biocompatible photoelectrochemical cytosensor based on Ce doped SnO2/SnS2 nano heterostructure.Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2020, 165: 112367 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112367
49
L V A, Scalvi T F, Pineiz M A L, Pinheiro et al.. Resistivity of the film deposited via sol–gel and oxidation state of Ce doping in SnO2 matrix.Cerâmica, 2011, 57(342): 225–230 (in Portuguese) https://doi.org/10.1590/S0366-69132011000200015
50
D, Wang M, Zhang Z, Chen et al.. Enhanced formaldehyde sensing properties of hollow SnO2 nanofibers by graphene oxide.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 250: 533–542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.164
51
H, Ding J, Zhu J, Jiang et al.. Preparation and gas-sensing property of ultra-fine NiO/SnO2 nano-particles.RSC Advances, 2012, 2(27): 10324–10329 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21121a
52
G, Zhang X, Han W, Bian et al.. Facile synthesis and high formaldehyde-sensing performance of NiO–SnO2 hybrid nanospheres.RSC Advances, 2016, 6(5): 3919–3926 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA21063A
53
D, Meng D, Liu G, Wang et al.. Low-temperature formaldehyde gas sensors based on NiO–SnO2 heterojunction microflowers assembled by thin porous nanosheets.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 273: 418–428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.06.030
54
R, Zhang S, Gao T, Zhou et al.. Facile preparation of hierarchical structure based on p-type Co3O4 as toluene detecting sensor.Applied Surface Science, 2020, 503: 144167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144167
55
J, Wang C, Hu Y, Xia et al.. Mesoporous ZnO nanosheets with rich surface oxygen vacancies for UV-activated methane gas sensing at room temperature.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 333: 129547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129547
56
X, Xing X, Xiao L, Wang et al.. Highly sensitive formaldehyde gas sensor based on hierarchically porous Ag-loaded ZnO heterojunction nanocomposites.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 247: 797–806 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.03.077
57
K, Inyawilert A, Wisitsoraat C, Liewhiran et al.. H2 gas sensor based on PdOx-doped In2O3 nanoparticles synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis.Applied Surface Science, 2019, 475: 191–203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.274
58
S, Chu C, Yang X Su . Synthesis of NiO hollow nanospheres via Kirkendall effect and their enhanced gas sensing performance.Applied Surface Science, 2019, 492: 82–88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.226
59
Y, Wang L, Liu F, Sun et al.. Humidity-insensitive NO2 sensors based on SnO2/rGO composites.Frontiers in Chemistry, 2021, 9: 681313 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.681313
60
S, Shu M, Wang W, Yang et al.. Synthesis of surface layered hierarchical octahedral-like structured Zn2SnO4/SnO2 with excellent sensing properties toward HCHO.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 243: 1171–1180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.110
61
K, Zhu S, Ma Y, Tie et al.. Highly sensitive formaldehyde gas sensors based on Y-doped SnO2 hierarchical flower-shaped nanostructures.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 792: 938–944 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.102
62
Y, Tie S Y, Ma S T, Pei et al.. Pr doped BiFeO3 hollow nanofibers via electrospinning method as a formaldehyde sensor.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2020, 308: 127689 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127689
63
R, Zhang S Y, Ma Q X, Zhang et al.. Highly sensitive formaldehyde gas sensors based on Ag doped Zn2SnO4/SnO2 hollow nanospheres.Materials Letters, 2019, 254: 178–181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.065
64
L, Gao H, Fu J, Zhu et al.. Synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles for formaldehyde detection with high sensitivity and good selectivity.Journal of Materials Research, 2020, 35(16): 2208–2217 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2020.181
65
J, Huang L, Wang C, Gu et al.. Preparation of porous SnO2 microcubes and their enhanced gas-sensing property.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 207: 782–790 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.128
66
Y, Sun J, Wang H, Du et al.. Formaldehyde gas sensors based on SnO2/ZSM-5 zeolite composite nanofibers.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 868: 159140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159140
67
X, Li N, Zhang C, Liu et al.. Enhanced gas sensing properties for formaldehyde based on ZnO/Zn2SnO4 composites from one-step hydrothermal synthesis.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 850: 156606 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156606
68
J, Liu L, Zhang B, Cheng et al.. A high-response formaldehyde sensor based on fibrous Ag-ZnO/In2O3 with multi-level heterojunctions.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 413: 125352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125352
69
S, Das A, Kumar J, Singh et al.. Fabrication and modeling of laser ablated NiO nanoparticles decorated SnO2 based formaldehyde sensor.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, 387: 133824 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.133824
