Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers

doi:10.1007/s11467-022-1249-z

Frontiers of Physics

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (2): 21308 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-022-1249-z

本期目录

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers

Bin Cheng^1,^2,³, Xiu-Hao Deng^1,^2,³, Xiu Gu^1,^2,³, Yu He^1,^2,³, Guangchong Hu^1,^2,³, Peihao Huang^1,^2,³, Jun Li^1,^2,³, Ben-Chuan Lin^1,^2,³, Dawei Lu^1,^2,^3,⁴, Yao Lu^1,^2,³, Chudan Qiu^1,^2,^3,⁴, Hui Wang^5,^6,⁷, Tao Xin^1,^2,³, Shi Yu^1,^2,³, Man-Hong Yung^1,^2,³, Junkai Zeng^1,^2,³, Song Zhang^1,^2,³, Youpeng Zhong^1,^2,³, Xinhua Peng^6,^7,⁸, Franco Nori^9,¹⁰, Dapeng Yu^1,^2,^3,⁴(

)

¹. Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
². International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
³. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
⁴. Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
⁵. Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
⁶. CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
⁷. Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
⁸. CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
⁹. Quantum Computing Center and Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
¹⁰. Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA

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Abstract：

Quantum computers have made extraordinary progress over the past decade, and significant milestones have been achieved along the path of pursuing universal fault-tolerant quantum computers. Quantum advantage, the tipping point heralding the quantum era, has been accomplished along with several waves of breakthroughs. Quantum hardware has become more integrated and architectural compared to its toddler days. The controlling precision of various physical systems is pushed beyond the fault-tolerant threshold. Meanwhile, quantum computation research has established a new norm by embracing industrialization and commercialization. The joint power of governments, private investors, and tech companies has significantly shaped a new vibrant environment that accelerates the development of this field, now at the beginning of the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. Here, we first discuss the progress achieved in the field of quantum computation by reviewing the most important algorithms and advances in the most promising technical routes, and then summarizing the next-stage challenges. Furthermore, we illustrate our confidence that solid foundations have been built for the fault-tolerant quantum computer and our optimism that the emergence of quantum killer applications essential for human society shall happen in the future.

Key words： quantum computer quantum algorithm quantum chip

收稿日期: 2022-12-18 出版日期: 2023-01-17

Corresponding Author(s): Dapeng Yu

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Physics, 2023, 18(2): 21308.
Bin Cheng, Xiu-Hao Deng, Xiu Gu, Yu He, Guangchong Hu, Peihao Huang, Jun Li, Ben-Chuan Lin, Dawei Lu, Yao Lu, Chudan Qiu, Hui Wang, Tao Xin, Shi Yu, Man-Hong Yung, Junkai Zeng, Song Zhang, Youpeng Zhong, Xinhua Peng, Franco Nori, Dapeng Yu. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(2): 21308.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/10.1007/s11467-022-1249-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/Y2023/V18/I2/21308

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

No. of qubits	$T 1$ (μs)	$T 2 ?$ (μs)	$t 1 q$ (ns)	$E r r 1 q (10 ? 3)$	$t 2 q$ (ns)	$E r r 2 q (10 ? 3)$	$t r$ (μs)	$E r r r$ ( $10 ? 2$ )	Fridge	$S i z e$

$53, 66$ [13, 128]	$16 ? 30.6$	$～ 5.3$	$～ 25$	$～ 1.4$	$～ 12$	$～ 5$	$～ 1$ [281]	$～ 3.1$ [281]	$～ 20 m K$	$～ 1$ $m m 2$
<10 [273–280]	$15 ? 76$	$12 ? 105$	$～ 30$	$～ 1$	$10 ? 200$	$～ 1.5$	$～ 1$ [281]	$～ 3.1$ [281]	$～ 20 m K$	$～ 1$ $m m 2$

Tab.1

Fig.4

Qubit type		Hyperfine qubit	Optical qubit

$T 2$		50 s [372] 5500 s [374]^b	0.2 s [410]
SPAM error		$6.9 × 10 ? 4$ [376]	$8.7 × 10 ? 5$ [401]
1Q gate	Duration	1?10 μs typical	1?10 μs typical
1Q gate	Fidelity	0.99996 [377]	0.99995 [410]
2Q gate	Duration	10?100 μs typical	10?100 μs typical
2Q gate	Fidelity^c	0.9991 [379] 0.999 [378]	0.9994 [379]
Maximally entangled qubits		24 [381]
Environment		Ultra-high vacuum $< 10 ? 11$ Torr

Tab.2

Fig.5

Qubit type	Si-MOS	Si-SiGe	P donor n	P donor e

$T 1$	$2.6$ s [522]	$160$ ms [523]	$39$ min [490]	$30$ s [490]
$T 2 ?$	$120$ μs [524]	$20$ μs [525]	$600$ ms [490]	$268$ μs [490]
$T 2 H a h n$	$1.2$ ms [524]	$100$ μs [525]	$1.75$ s [490]	$0.95$ ms[490]
$T s i n g l e$	$2.4$ μs [524]	$20$ ns [525]	$24$ μs [494]	$150$ ns [526]
$T t w o$	$1.4$ μs [486]	$103$ ns [493]	$1.89$ μs [494]	$0.8$ ns [491]
$F 1 R B$ (%)	$99.957 (4)$ [527]	$99.861 (5)$ [525]	$99.99$ [528]	$99.95$ [528]
$F 2 R B$ (%)	$98.0 (3)$ [486]	$99.51 (2)$ [493]	$99.37 (11)$ ^a [494]	$86.7 (2)$ ^b [491]
$Q 1$ ^c	$50$	$1000$	25000	$1800$
$Q 2$ ^c	$86$	$194$	302^d	$3.4 × 105$
$N Q$ ^e	2 [486]	6 [529]	2 [494]	2 [491]
$N E$ ^f	2 [486]	3 [529]	2 [494]	2 [491]
Env	$B ～ 1.4$ T	$B ～ 0.5$ T	$B ～ 1$ T	$B ～ 1$ T
Env	$T < 1.5$ K	$T < 1.5$ K	$T < 1.5$ K	$T < 1.5$ K
Flying qubit	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Footprint size	$～ 100$ nm	$～ 100$ nm	$～ 3$ nm	$～ 100$ nm

Tab.3

Fig.6

Property	Parameter	Qubit	Value	Condition	Reference

Coherence	$T 2 ?$	e	36 μs	506 G, 300 K	Ref. [638]
		N	25.1 ms	403 G, 3.7 K	Ref. [629]
		¹³C	17.2 ms		Ref. [629]
		¹³C?¹³C pair	1.9 min		Ref. [600]
	$T 2$ (echo)	e	1.8 ms	690 G, 300 K	Ref. [622]
		N	2.3 s	403 G, 3.7 K	Ref. [629]
		¹³C	770 ms	403 G, 3.7 K	Ref. [629]
	$T 1$	e	$> 1$ h	403 G, 3.7 K	Ref. [599]
	$T 1$	¹³C	$> 6$ min	403 G, 3.7 K	Ref. [629]
Gate time	Single-qubit	e	$< 10$ ns	850 G, 300 K	Ref. [619]
Gate time	Two-qubit	e-N	700 ns	513 G, 300 K	Ref. [618]
Gate fidelity	Single-qubit	e	99.995%	513 G, 300 K	Ref. [618]
Gate fidelity	Two-qubit	e-N	99.2%	513 G, 300 K	Ref. [618]

Tab.4

Fig.7

Fig.8

Property		Alkali atom	Alkaline-earth(-like) atom
		Electronic spin	Nuclear spin
		^85,87Rb/¹³³Cs	⁸⁷Sr	¹⁷¹Yb

Coherence	$T 1$	$4 s$ [783, 792]	$? 10 s$ [795]	$10 ? 100 s$ [767]
	$T 2 ?$	$4 m s$ [783, 792]	$21 s$ [795]	3.7 s [767]
	$T 2 ′$	$～ 1 s$ ^a [783, 792]	$40 s$ ^b [795]	7.9 s^b [767]
Gate time	$t 1$	$0.1 ? 10 μ s$		$0.7 μ s$ [767]
Gate time	$t 2$	$0.4 ? 2 μ s$		$0.9 μ s$ [789]
Gate fidelity	$F 1$	$～ 99.97 %$ ^c [783]		$99.48 %$ ^d [767]
Gate fidelity	$F 2$	$97.4 %$ ^e [788]		83%^e [789]
Qubit number	$N d$	6^f [792], 24^g [783]
Qubit number	$N a$	289 [796]
Environment		Ultra-high vacuum $P ～ 10 ? 11 Torr$ , magnetic field $B ～ 10 G$

Tab.5

Fig.9

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