On the question of quark confinement in the Abelian U(1) QED gauge interaction

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1288-0

Frontiers of Physics

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (6): 64401 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1288-0

本期目录

On the question of quark confinement in the Abelian U(1) QED gauge interaction

Cheuk-Yin Wong(

)

Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory*, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

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Abstract：

If we approximate light quarks as massless and apply the Schwinger confinement mechanism to light quarks, we will reach the conclusion that a light quark $q$ and its antiquark $q ¯$ will be confined as a $q q ¯$ boson in the Abelian U(1) QED gauge interaction in (1+1)D, as in an open string. From the work of Coleman, Jackiw, and Susskind, we can infer further that the Schwinger confinement mechanism persists even for massive quarks in (1+1)D. Could such a QED-confined $q q ¯$ one-dimensional open string in (1+1)D be the idealization of a flux tube in the physical world in (3+1)D, similar to the case of QCD-confined $q q ¯$ open string? If so, the QED-confined $q q ¯$ bosons may show up as neutral QED mesons in the mass region of many tens of MeV [Phys. Rev. C 81, 064903 (2010) & J. High Energy Phys. 2020(8), 165 (2020)]. Is it ever possible that a quark and an antiquark be produced and interact in QED alone to form a confined QED meson? Is there any experimental evidence for the existence of a QED meson (or QED mesons)? The observations of the anomalous soft photons, the X17 particle, and the E38 particle suggest that they may bear the experimental evidence for the existence of such QED mesons. Further confirmation and investigations on the X17 and E38 particles will shed definitive light on the question of quark confinement in QED in (3+1)D. Implications of quark confinement in the QED interaction are discussed.

Key words： quark confinement QCD interaction QED interaction Schwinger model open string model of mesons QCD molecular states

收稿日期: 2023-01-14 出版日期: 2023-06-05

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Physics, 2023, 18(6): 64401.
Cheuk-Yin Wong. On the question of quark confinement in the Abelian U(1) QED gauge interaction. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(6): 64401.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/10.1007/s11467-023-1288-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/Y2023/V18/I6/64401

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

		$J π I$	Experimental mass (MeV)	Semi-empirical mass formula (MeV)	Meson mass in massless quark limit (MeV)

QCDmeson	$π 0$	$0 − 1$	134.9768 $±$ 0.0005	134.9^‡	0
	$η$	$0 − 0$	547.862 $±$ 0.017	498.4 $±$ 39.8	329.7 $±$ 57.5
	$η ′$	$0 − 0$	957.78 $±$ 0.06	948.2 $±$ 99.6	723.4 $±$ 126.3
QEDmeson	isoscalar	$0 − 0$		17.9 $±$ 1.5	11.2 $±$ 1.3
	isovector	$0 − 1$		36.4 $±$ 3.8	33.6 $±$ 3.8
	X17	(1⁺)	16.70 $±$ 0.35 $±$ 0.5^†
PossibleQEDmesoncandidates	X17	( $0 −$ )	16.84 $±$ 0.16 $±$ 0.20^#
	X17	( $1 −$ )	16.86 $±$ 0.17 $±$ 0.20^□
	E38		37.38 $±$ 0.71 $⊕$
	E38		40.89 $±$ $0.91 ⊖$
	E38		39.71 $±$ $0.71 ⊗$

Tab.1

	Particle $i$	$J π I$	$Q ~ q Q C D (i)$	$Q ~ q Q C D (i)$ $θ p = − 24.5 o$	$Q ~ q Q E D (i)$	$Q ~ q Q E D (i)$ $θ p = − 24.5 o$

QCDmeson	$π 0$	$0 − 1$	0	0	$1 / 2$	0.7071
	$η$	$0 − 0$	$− 3 sin ? θ p$	0.7182	$3 cos ? θ p / 6$	1.1144
	$η ′$	$0 − 0$	$3 cos ? θ p$	1.576	$sin ? θ p / 6$	−0.1693
QEDmeson	isoscalar (X17)	$0 − 0$			$1 / (32)$
QEDmeson	isovector (E38)	$0 − 1$			$1 / 2$

Tab.2

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Experiment	Collision energy	Photon $k T$	Photon/Brem ratio

$K + p$ , CERN, WA27, BEBC (1984)	70 GeV/c	$k T <$ 60 MeV/c	4.0 $±$ 0.8
$K + p$ , CERN, NA22, EHS (1993)	250 GeV/c	$k T <$ 40 MeV/c	6.4 $±$ 1.6
$π + p$ , CERN, NA22, EHS (1997)	250 GeV/c	$k T <$ 40 MeV/c	6.9 $±$ 1.3
$π − p$ , CERN, WA83, OMEGA (1997)	280 GeV/c	$k T <$ 10 MeV/c	7.9 $±$ 1.4
$π + p$ , CERN, WA91, OMEGA (2002)	280 GeV/c	$k T <$ 20 MeV/c	5.3 $±$ 0.9
$p p$ , CERN, WA102, OMEGA (2002)	450 GeV/c	$k T <$ 20 MeV/c	4.1 $±$ 0.8
$e +$ $e −$ $→$ hadrons, CERN, DELPHI with hadron production (2010)	~91 GeV (CM)	$k T <$ 60 MeV/c	4.0
$e +$ $e −$ $→$ $μ +$ $μ −$ , CERN, DELPHI with no hadron production (2008)	~91 GeV (CM)	$k T <$ 60 MeV/c	1.0

Tab.3

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

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