1. Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China 2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulation and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
Photonic moiré superlattice as an emerging platform of flatbands can tightly confine the light inside the cavity and has important applications not only in linear optics but also in nonlinear optics. In this paper, we numerically investigate the third- and fifth-order harmonic generation (THG and FHG) in photonic moiré superlattices fabricated by the nonlinear material silicon. The high conversion efficiency of THG and FHG is obtained at a relatively low intensity of fundamental light, e.g., the maximum conversion efficiency of THG and FHG arrives even up to be 10−2 and 10−9 at the fundamental intensity of 30 kW/m2, respectively, in the moiré superlattice of near flat band formed by the twist angle 6.01°. The results indicate the photonic moiré superlattice of a high-quality factor and flatbands is a promising platform for efficient nonlinear processes and advanced photonic devices.
W. Boyd R., Nonlinear Optics, 3rd Ed., Elsevier, Academic Press, 2008
2
A. Franken P. , E. Hill A. , W. Peters C. , Weinreich G. . Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1961, 7(4): 118 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.118
Kivshar Y. . All-dielectric meta-optics and non-linear nanophotonics. Natl. Sci. Rev., 2018, 5(2): 144 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy017
5
Sain B. , Meier C. , Zentgraf T. . Nonlinear optics in all-dielectric nanoantennas and metasurfaces: A review. Adv. Photonics, 2019, 1(2): 024002 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.AP.1.2.024002
W. Klein M. , Enkrich C. , Wegener M. , Linden S. . Second harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials. Science, 2006, 313(5786): 502 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129198
8
Celebrano M. , Wu X. , Baselli M. , Großmann S. , Biagioni P. , Locatelli A. , De Angelis C. , Cerullo G. , Osellame R. , Hecht B. , Duò L. , Ciccacci F. , Finazzi M. . Mode matching in multiresonant plasmonic nanoantennas for enhanced second harmonic generation. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2015, 10(5): 412 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.69
9
Zhang Y. , K. Grady N. , Ayala-Orozco C. , J. Halas N. . Three-dimensional nanostructures as highly efficient generators of second harmonic light. Nano Lett., 2011, 11(12): 5519 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2033602
P. Markowicz P. , Tiryaki H. , Pudavar H. , N. Prasad P. , N. Lepeshkin N. , W. Boyd R. . Dramatic enhancement of third-harmonic generation in three-dimensional photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92(8): 083903 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.083903
12
Diziain S. , Geiss R. , Zilk M. , Schrempel F. , B. Kley E. , Tünnermann A. , Pertsch T. . Second harmonic generation in free-standing lithium niobite photonic crystal L3 cavity. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2013, 103(5): 051117 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4817507
13
Yamada S. , S. Song B. , Jeon S. , Upham J. , Tanaka Y. , Asano T. , Noda S. . Second-harmonic generation in a silicon-carbide-based photonic crystal nanocavity. Opt. Lett., 2014, 39(7): 1768 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.001768
14
Siltanen M. , Leivo S. , Voima P. , Kauranen M. , Karvinen P. , Vahimaa P. , Kuittinen M. . Strong enhancement of second-harmonic generation in all-dielectric resonant waveguide grating. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(11): 111109 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2783969
15
Ning T. , Pietarinen H. , Hyvärinen O. , Kumar R. , Kaplas T. , Kauranen M. , Genty G. . Efficient second-harmonic generation in silicon nitride resonant waveguide gratings. Opt. Lett., 2012, 37(20): 4269 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.004269
16
Quaranta G. , Basset G. , J. F. Martin O. , Gallinet B. . Recent advances in resonant waveguide gratings. Laser Photonics Rev., 2018, 12(9): 1800017 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201800017
17
S. Ilchenko V. , A. Savchenkov A. , B. Matsko A. , Maleki L. . Nonlinear optics and crystalline whispering gallery mode cavities. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92(4): 043903 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.043903
18
S. Levy J. , A. Foster M. , L. Gaeta A. , Lipson M. . Harmonic generation in silicon nitride ring resonators. Opt. Express, 2011, 19(12): 11415 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.011415
19
F. Bi Z. , W. Rodriguez A. , Hashemi H. , Duchesne D. , Loncar M. , M. Wang K. , G. Johnson S. . High-efficiency second-harmonic generation in doubly-resonant (2) microring resonantors. Opt. Express, 2012, 20(7): 7526 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.007526
Huang T. , Zhao X. , Zeng S. , Crunteanu A. , P. Shum P. , Yu N. . Planar nonlinear metasurface optics and their applications. Rep. Prog. Phys., 2020, 83(12): 126101 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abb56e
23
Liu S. , B. Sinclair M. , Saravi S. , A. Keeler G. , Yang Y. , Reno J. , M. Peake G. , Setzpfandt F. , Staude I. , Pertsch T. , Brener I. . Resonantly enhanced second-harmonic generation using III−V semiconductor all-dielectric metasurfaces. Nano Lett., 2016, 16(9): 5426 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01816
24
Rocco D. , A. Vincenti M. , De Angelis C. . Boosting second harmonic radiation from AlGaAs nanoantennas with epsilon-near-zero materials. Appl. Sci. (Basel), 2018, 8(11): 2212 https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112212
25
Yang Y. , Wang W. , Boulesbaa A. , I. Kravchenko I. , P. Briggs D. , Puretzky A. , Geohegan D. , Valentine J. . Nonlinear Fano-resonant dielectric metasurfaces. Nano Lett., 2015, 15(11): 7388 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02802
26
Xu L. , Rahmani M. , Z. Kamali K. , Lamprianidis A. , Ghirardini L. , Sautter J. , Camacho-Morales R. , Chen H. , Parry M. , Staude I. , Zhang G. , Neshev D. , E. Miroshnichenko A. . Boosting third-harmonic generation by a mirror-enhanced anapole resonator. Light Sci. Appl., 2018, 7(1): 44
27
W. Hsu C. , Zhen B. , D. Stone A. , D. Joannopoulos J. , Soljacic M. . Bound states in the continuum. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(9): 16048 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.48
28
Kang L. , Bao H. , H. Werner D. . Efficient second-harmonic generation in high Q-factor asymmetric lithium niobite metasurfaces. Opt. Lett., 2021, 46(3): 633 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.413764
29
Han Z. , Ding F. , Cai Y. , Levy U. . Significantly enhanced second-harmonic generations with all-dielectric antenna array working in the quasi-bound states in the continuum and excited by linearly polarized plane waves. Nanophotonics, 2021, 10(3): 1189 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0598
30
Liu Z. , Xu Y. , Lin Y. , Xiang J. , Feng T. , Cao Q. , Li J. , Lan S. , Liu J. . High-Q quasi-bound states in the continuum for nonlinear metasurfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019, 123(25): 253901 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.253901
31
Carletti L. , S. Kruk S. , A. Bogdanov A. , De Angelis C. , Kivshar Y. . High-harmonic generation at the nanoscale boosted by bound states in the continuum. Phys. Rev. Res., 2019, 1(2): 023016 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.1.023016
32
Xiao S. , Qin M. , Duan J. , Wu F. , Liu T. . Polarization-controlled dynamically switchable high-harmonic generation from all-dielectric metasurfaces governed by dual bound states in the continuum. Phys. Rev. B, 2022, 105(19): 195440 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.195440
33
Xiao S. , Qin M. , Duan J. , Liu T. . Robust enhancement of high-harmonic generation from all-dielectric metasurfaces enabled by polarization-insensitive bound states in the continuum. Opt. Express, 2022, 30(18): 32590 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.468925
34
Zograf G. , Koshelev K. , Zalogina A. , Korolev V. , Hollinger R. , Y. Choi D. , Zuerch M. , Spielmann C. , Luther-Davies B. , Kartashov D. , V. Makarov S. , S. Kruk S. , Kivshar Y. . High-harmonic generation from resonant dielectric metasurfaces empowered by bound states in the continuum. ACS Photonics, 2022, 9(2): 567 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01511
35
Cao Y. , Fatemi V. , Fang S. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Kaxiras E. , Jarillo-Herrero P. . Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature, 2018, 556(7699): 43 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26160
36
Cao Y. , Fatemi V. , Demir A. , Fang S. , L. Tomarken S. , Y. Luo J. , D. Sanchez-Yamagishi J. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Kaxiras E. , C. Ashoori R. , Jarillo-Herrero P. . Correlated insulator behavior at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature, 2018, 556(7699): 80 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26154
37
Zhang W. , Zou D. , Pei Q. , He W. , Sun H. , Zhang X. . Moiré circuits: Engineering magic-angle behavior. Phys. Rev. B, 2021, 104(20): L201408 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.L201408
38
Wang P. , Zheng Y. , Chen X. , Huang C. , Kartashov Y. , Torner L. , Konotop V. , Ye F. . Localization and delocalization of light in photonic moiré lattices. Nature, 2020, 577(7788): 42 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1851-6
39
Chen Z. , Liu X. , Zeng J. . Electromagnetically induced moiré optical lattices in a coherent atomic gas. Front. Phys., 2022, 17(4): 42508 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-022-1153-6
40
R. Mao X. , K. Shao Z. , Y. Luan H. , L. Wang S. , M. Ma R. . Magic-angle lasers in nanostructured moiré superlattice. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2021, 16(10): 1099 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00956-7
41
Zhang Z. , Liu D. , Huo Y. , Ning T. . Ultralow-level all-optical self-switching in a nanostructured moiré superlattice. Opt. Lett., 2022, 47(20): 5260 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.468191
42
Z. Zhang H. , Y. Qin H. , X. Zhang W. , Huang L. , D. Zhang X. . Moiré graphene nanoribbons: Nearly perfect absorptions and highly efficient reflections with wide angles. Opt. Express, 2022, 30(2): 2219 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.445348
43
Hong P. , Xu L. , Ying C. , Rahmani M. . Flatband mode in photonic moiré lattice for boosting second-harmonic generation with monolayer van der Waals crystals. Opt. Lett., 2022, 47(9): 2326 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.453625
44
Ha S. , H. Park N. , Kim H. , Shin J. , Choi J. , Park S. , Y. Moon J. , Chae K. , Jung J. , H. Lee J. , Yoo Y. , Y. Park J. , J. Ahn K. , I. Yeom D. . Enhanced third-harmonic generation by manipulating the twist angle of bilayer graphene. Light Sci. Appl., 2021, 10(1): 19 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-00459-5
45
Y. Yang F. , S. Song W. , H. Meng F. , C. Luo F. , Lou S. , R. Lin S. , L. Gong Z. , H. Cao J. , S. Barnard E. , Chan E. , Yang L. , Yao J. . Tunable second harmonic generation in twisted bilayer graphene. Matter, 2020, 3(4): 1361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.018
Ning T. , Li X. , Zhao Y. , Yin L. , Huo Y. , Zhao L. , Yue Q. . Giant enhancement of harmonic generation in all-dielectric resonant waveguide gratings of quasi-bound states in the continuum. Opt. Express, 2020, 28(23): 34024 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.409276
48
Koshelev K. , Tang Y. , Li K. , Y. Choi D. , Li G. , Kivshar Y. . Nonlinear metasurfaces governed by bound states in the continuum. ACS Photonics, 2019, 6(7): 1639 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00700
49
E. Aspnes D. , A. Studna A. , functions Dielectric , parameters of Si optical . InAs, and InSb from 1.5 to 6.0 eV. Phys. Rev. B, 1983, 27(2): 985 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.27.985
50
Schinke C. , Christian Peest P. , Schmidt J. , Brendel R. , Bothe K. , R. Vogt M. , Kröger I. , Winter S. , Schirmacher A. , Lim S. , T. Nguyen H. , MacDonald D. . Uncertainty analysis for the coefficient of band-to-band absorption of crystalline silicon. AIP Adv., 2015, 5(6): 067168 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4923379