Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9

Frontiers of Physics

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (6): 63602 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9

本期目录

Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures

Hao Zhang^1,^2,³, Mohsin Ijaz^1,^2,³(

), Richard J. Blaikie^1,^2,³(

)

¹. Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
². MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
³. Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand

全文: PDF(7267 KB) HTML

Abstract：

Plasmonic resonators are widely used for the manipulation of light on subwavelength scales through the near-field electromagnetic wave produced by the collective oscillation of free electrons within metallic systems, well known as the surface plasmon (SP). The non-radiative decay of the surface plasmon can excite a plasmonic hot electron. This review article systematically describes the excitation progress and basic properities of SPs and plasmonic hot electrons according to recent publications. The extraction mechanism of plasmonic hot electrons via Schottky conjunction to an adjacent semiconductor is also illustrated. Also, a calculation model of hot electron density is given, where the efficiency of hot-electron excitation, transport and extraction is discussed. We believe that plasmonic hot electrons have a huge potential in the future development of optoelectronic systems and devices.

Key words： surface plasmon plasmonic hot electrons plasmonic resonators electron−electron scattering Schottky conjunctions nanophotonics

收稿日期: 2023-05-15 出版日期: 2023-07-14

Corresponding Author(s): Mohsin Ijaz,Richard J. Blaikie

引用本文:

. [J]. Frontiers of Physics, 2023, 18(6): 63602.
Hao Zhang, Mohsin Ijaz, Richard J. Blaikie. Recent review of surface plasmons and plasmonic hot electron effects in metallic nanostructures. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(6): 63602.

链接本文:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/10.1007/s11467-023-1328-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/CN/Y2023/V18/I6/63602

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

Fig.17

Fig.18

Fig.19

Fig.20

Fig.21

Fig.22

Fig.23

1	Törmä P., L. Barnes W.. Strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: A review. Rep. Prog. Phys., 2015, 78(1): 013901 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/013901
2	K. Zhou Z., Liu J., Bao Y., Wu L., E. Png C., H. Wang X., W. Qiu C.. Quantum plasmonics get applied. Prog. Quantum Electron., 2019, 65: 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2019.04.002
3	A. Schuller J., S. Barnard E., Cai W., C. Jun Y., S. White J., L. Brongersma M.. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation. Nat. Mater., 2010, 9(3): 193 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2630
4	R. West P., Ishii S., V. Naik G., K. Emani N., M. Shalaev V., Boltasseva A.. Searching for better plasmonic materials. Laser Photonics Rev., 2010, 4(6): 795 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200900055
5	Rycenga M., M. Cobley C., Zeng J., Li W., H. Moran C., Zhang Q., Qin D., Xia Y.. Controlling the synthesis and assembly of silver nanostructures for plasmonic applications. Chem. Rev., 2011, 111(6): 3669 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100275d
6	Iqbal T., U. Farooq M., Ijaz M., Afsheen S., Rizwan M., B. Tahir M.. Optimization of 1D silver grating devices for extraordinary optical transmission. Plasmonics, 2019, 14(5): 1099 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-018-00898-2
7	Zafar M., Ijaz M., Iqbal T.. Efficient Au nanostructures for NIR-responsive controlled drug delivery systems. Chem. Pap., 2021, 75(6): 2277 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01465-y
8	He Y., Laugesen K., Kamp D., A. Sultan S., B. Oddershede L., Jauffred L.. Effects and side effects of plasmonic photothermal therapy in brain tissue. Cancer Nanotechnol., 2019, 10(1): 8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-019-0053-0
9	Lu R., Ni J., Yin S., Ji Y.. Responsive plasmonic nanomaterials for advanced cancer diagnostics. Front. Chem., 2021, 9: 652287 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.652287
10	G. Sobral-Filho R., M. Brito-Silva A., Isabelle M., Jirasek A., J. Lum J., G. Brolo A.. Plasmonic labeling of subcellular compartments in cancer cells: Multiplexing with fine-tuned gold and silver nanoshells. Chem. Sci. (Camb.), 2017, 8(4): 3038 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SC04127B
11	Ezendam S., Herran M., Nan L., Gruber C., Kang Y., Gröbmeyer F., Lin R., Gargiulo J., Sousa-Castillo A., Cortés E.. Hybrid plasmonic nanomaterials for hydrogen generation and carbon dioxide reduction. ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7(2): 778 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02241
12	H. Jang Y., J. Jang Y., Kim S., N. Quan L., Chung K., H. Kim D.. Plasmonic solar cells: From rational design to mechanism overview. Chem. Rev., 2016, 116(24): 14982 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00302
13	Ijaz M., Shoukat A., Ayub A., Tabassum H., Naseer H., Tanveer R., Islam A., Iqbal T.. Perovskite solar cells: Importance, challenges, and plasmonic enhancement. Int. J. Green Energy, 2020, 17(15): 1022 https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1818567
14	Iqbal T., Ijaz M., Javaid M., Rafique M., N. Riaz K., B. Tahir M., Nabi G., Abrar M., Afsheen S.. An optimal Au grating structure for light absorption in amorphous silicon thin film solar cell. Plasmonics, 2019, 14(1): 147 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-018-0787-2
15	Zhang H., Liu F., J. Blaikie R., Ding B., Qiu M.. Bifacial omnidirectional and band-tunable light absorption in free-standing core-shell resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2022, 120(18): 181110 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0088233
16	J. Lu Y., L. Shen T., N. Peng K., J. Cheng P., W. Chang S., Y. Lu M., W. Chu C., F. Guo T., A. Atwater H.. Upconversion plasmonic lasing from an organolead trihalide perovskite nanocrystal with low threshold. ACS Photonics, 2021, 8(1): 335 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01586
17	Gu L., Wen K., Peng Q., Huang W., Wang J.. Surface-plasmon-enhanced perovskite light-emitting diodes. Small, 2020, 16(30): 2001861 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001861
18	A. Huang J., B. Luo L.. Low-dimensional plasmonic photodetectors: Recent progress and future opportunities. Adv. Opt. Mater., 2018, 6(8): 1701282 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201701282
19	M. Shrivastav A.Cvelbar U.Abdulhalim I., A comprehensive review on plasmonic-based biosensors used in viral diagnostics, Commun. Biol. 4(1), 70 (2021)
20	Xavier J., Vincent S., Meder F., Vollmer F.. Advances in optoplasmonic sensors- combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles. Nanophotonics, 2018, 7(1): 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0064
21	Afsheen S., Iqbal T., Aftab M., Bashir A., Tehseen A., Y. Khan M., Ijaz M.. Modeling of 1D Au plasmonic grating as efficient gas sensor. Mater. Res. Express, 2019, 6(12): 126203 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab553b
22	Afsheen S., Munir M., Isa Khan M., Iqbal T., Abrar M., B. Tahir M., U. Rehman J., N. Riaz K., Ijaz M., Nabi G.. Efficient biosensing through 1D silver nanostructured devices using plasmonic effect. Nanotechnology, 2018, 29(38): 385501 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aace9a
23	Iqbal T., Noureen S., Afsheen S., Y. Khan M., Ijaz M.. Rectangular and sinusoidal Au-grating as plasmonic sensor: A comparative study. Opt. Mater., 2020, 99: 109530 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109530
24	Ijaz M., Aftab M., Afsheen S., Iqbal T.. Novel Au nano-grating for detection of water in various electrolytes. Appl. Nanosci., 2020, 10(11): 4029 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01520-w
25	Zhang S., C. Li G., Chen Y., Zhu X., D. Liu S., Y. Lei D., Duan H.. Pronounced Fano resonance in single gold split nanodisks with 15 nm split gaps for intensive second harmonic generation. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(12): 11105 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05979
26	S. Verma M., Chandra M.. Second harmonic generation-based nonlinear plasmonic RI-sensing in solution: The pivotal role of the particle size. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23(45): 25565 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP04546F
27	Alù A., Engheta N.. Plasmonic and metamaterial cloaking: Physical mechanisms and potentials. J. Opt. A, 2008, 10(9): 093002 https://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/10/9/093002
28	Xu H.. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering beyond plasmonics. Front. Phys., 2022, 17(2): 23601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-021-1112-7
29	Lan L., Gao Y., Fan X., Li M., Hao Q., Qiu T.. The origin of ultrasensitive SERS sensing beyond plasmonics. Front. Phys., 2021, 16(4): 43300 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-021-1047-z
30	Shi L., Iwan B., Nicolas R., Ripault Q., R. C. Andrade J., Han S., Kim H., Boutu W., Franz D., Heidenblut T., Reinhardt C., Bastiaens B., Nagy T., Babushkin I., Morgner U., W. Kim S., Steinmeyer G., Merdji H., Kovacev M.. Self-optimization of plasmonic nanoantennas in strong femtosecond fields. Optica, 2017, 4(9): 1038 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001038
31	Shi L., R. C. Andrade J., Tajalli A., Geng J., Yi J., Heidenblut T., B. Segerink F., Babushkin I., Kholodtsova M., Merdji H., Bastiaens B., Morgner U., Kovacev M.. Generating ultrabroadband deep-UV radiation and sub-10 nm gap by hybrid-morphology gold antennas. Nano Lett., 2019, 19(7): 4779 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02100
32	Shi L., R. C. Andrade J., Yi J., Marinskas M., Reinhardt C., Almeida E., Morgner U., Kovacev M.. Nanoscale broadband deep-ultraviolet light source from plasmonic nanoholes. ACS Photonics, 2019, 6(4): 858 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00127
33	Hentschel M., Utikal T., Giessen H., Lippitz M.. Quantitative modeling of the third harmonic emission spectrum of plasmonic nanoantennas. Nano Lett., 2012, 12(7): 3778 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl301686x
34	Geng J., Yan W., Shi L., Qiu M.. Surface plasmons interference nanogratings: Wafer-scale laser direct structuring in seconds. Light Sci. Appl., 2022, 11(1): 189 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-00883-9
35	Wang L., D. Chen Q., W. Cao X., Buividas R., Wang X., Juodkazis S., B. Sun H.. Plasmonic nano-printing: Large-area nanoscale energy deposition for efficient surface texturing. Light Sci. Appl., 2017, 6(12): e17112 https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2017.112
36	Zou T., Zhao B., Xin W., Wang Y., Wang B., Zheng X., Xie H., Zhang Z., Yang J., Guo C.. High-speed femtosecond laser plasmonic lithography and reduction of graphene oxide for anisotropic photoresponse. Light Sci. Appl., 2020, 9(1): 69 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-0311-2
37	L. Barnes W.. Surface plasmon-polariton length scales: A route to sub-wavelength optics. J. Opt. A, 2006, 8(4): S87 https://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/8/4/S06
38	Ding B., Hrelescu C., Arnold N., Isic G., A. Klar T.. Spectral and directional reshaping of fluorescence in large area self-assembled plasmonic-photonic crystals. Nano Lett., 2013, 13(2): 378 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3035114
39	D. Rakić A., B. Djurišić A., M. Elazar J., L. Majewski M.. Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices. Appl. Opt., 1998, 37(22): 5271 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.37.005271
40	I. Markovic M., D. Rakic A.. Determination of the reflection coefficients of laser light of wavelengths λ ∈ (0.22 μm, 200 μm) from the surface of aluminum using the Lorentz−Drude model. Appl. Opt., 1990, 29(24): 3479 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.29.003479
41	A. Scholl J., L. Koh A., A. Dionne J.. Quantum plasmon resonances of individual metallic nanoparticles. Nature, 2012, 483(7390): 421 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10904
42	V. Zayats A., I. Smolyaninov I., A. Maradudin A.. Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons. Phys. Rep., 2005, 408(3−4): 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2004.11.001
43	Iqbal T., Afsheen S.. Coupling efficiency of surface plasmon polaritons for 1D plasmonic gratings: Role of under- and over-milling. Plasmonics, 2016, 11(5): 1247 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0168-z
44	Kasani S.Curtin K.Wu N., A review of 2D and 3D plasmonic nanostructure array patterns: Fabrication, light management and sensing applications, Nanophotonics 8(12), 2065 (2019)
45	Otto A.. Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection. Z. Phys., 1968, 216(4): 398 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01391532
46	Kretschmann E., Raether H.. Radiative decay of non-radiative surface plasmons excited by light. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A Phys. Sci., 1968, 23: 2135 https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1968-1247
47	Iqbal T., Ashfaq Z., Afsheen S., Ijaz M., Y. Khan M., Rafique M., Nabi G.. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on 1D nano-gratings. Plasmonics, 2020, 15(4): 1053 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-019-01114-5
48	Vempati S., Iqbal T., Afsheen S.. Non-universal behavior of leaky surface waves in a one dimensional asymmetric plasmonic grating. J. Appl. Phys., 2015, 118(4): 043103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927269
49	Vecchi G., Giannini V., Gómez Rivas J.. Shaping the fluorescent emission by lattice resonances in plasmonic crystals of nanoantennas. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, 102(14): 146807 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.146807
50	L. Chang S., Multiple Diffraction of X-Rays in Crystals, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences (SSSOL, Volume 50), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1984
51	C. Kitson S., L. Barnes W., R. Sambles J.. Surface-plasmon energy gaps and photoluminescence. Phys. Rev. B, 1995, 52(15): 11441 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.52.11441
52	Iqbal T., Tabassum H., Afsheen S., Ijaz M.. Novel exposed and buried Au plasmonic grating as efficient sensors. Waves Random Complex Media, 2022, 32(4): 1571 https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2020.1828665
53	Afsheen S., Ahmad A., Iqbal T., Ijaz M., Bashir A.. Optimizing the sensing efficiency of plasmonic based gas sensor. Plasmonics, 2021, 16(2): 541 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01318-0
54	Javaid M., Iqbal T.. Plasmonic bandgap in 1D metallic nanostructured devices. Plasmonics, 2016, 11(1): 167 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0025-0
55	Wang P., J. Hu D., F. Xiao Y., Pang L.. Suppression of metal grating to surface plasma radiation. Acta Phys. Sin., 2015, 64(8): 087301 https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.087301
56	Wang B., Yu P., Wang W., Zhang X., C. Kuo H., Xu H., M. Wang Z.. High‐Q plasmonic resonances: Fundamentals and applications. Adv. Opt. Mater., 2021, 9(7): 2001520 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202001520
57	Sun S., T. Chen H., J. Zheng W., Y. Guo G.. Dispersion relation, propagation length and mode conversion of surface plasmon polaritons in silver double-nanowire systems. Opt. Express, 2013, 21(12): 14591 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.014591
58	Raether H., Surface-Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings, Springer-Verlag, 1988
59	A. Willets K., P. Van Duyne R.. Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 2007, 58(1): 267 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104607
60	Zhang W., Caldarola M., Lu X., Orrit M.. Plasmonic enhancement of two-photon-excited luminescence of single quantum dots by individual gold nanorods. ACS Photonics, 2018, 5(7): 2960 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00306
61	Wen J., Wang H., Wang W., Deng Z., Zhuang C., Zhang Y., Liu F., She J., Chen J., Chen H., Deng S., Xu N.. Room-temperature strong light−matter interaction with active control in single plasmonic nanorod coupled with two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nano Lett., 2017, 17(8): 4689 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01344
62	A. Kelf T., Sugawara Y., M. Cole R., J. Baumberg J., E. Abdelsalam M., Cintra S., Mahajan S., E. Russell A., N. Bartlett P.. Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids. Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 74(24): 245415 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.245415
63	Belacel C., Habert B., Bigourdan F., Marquier F., P. Hugonin J., Michaelis de Vasconcellos S., Lafosse X., Coolen L., Schwob C., Javaux C., Dubertret B., J. Greffet J., Senellart P., Maitre A.. Controlling spontaneous emission with plasmonic optical patch antennas. Nano Lett., 2013, 13(4): 1516 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3046602
64	Agrawal A., Kriegel I., J. Milliron D.. Shape-dependent field enhancement and plasmon resonance of oxide nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119(11): 6227 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01648
65	G. Kravets V., V. Kabashin A., L. Barnes W., N. Grigorenko A.. Plasmonic surface lattice resonances: A review of properties and applications. Chem. Rev., 2018, 118(12): 5912 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00243
66	Ijaz M.. Plasmonic hot electrons: Potential candidates for improved photocatalytic hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(26): 9609 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.251
67	Boettcher I., M. Pawlowski J., Diehl S.. Ultracold atoms and the functional renormalization group. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., 2012, 228: 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2012.06.004
68	Hertz H.. Ueber einen einfluss des ultravioletten lichtes auf die electrische entladung. Ann. Phys., 1887, 267(8): 983 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18872670827
69	Einstein A., Über einen die Erzeugung und verwandlung des lichtes betreffenden heuristischen gesichtspunkt, Ann. Phys. 322(6), 132 (1905)
70	L. Brongersma M., J. Halas N., Nordlander P.. Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2015, 10(1): 25 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.311
71	Dubi Y.Sivan Y., “Hot” electrons in metallic nanostructures-non-thermal carriers or heating? Light Sci. Appl. 8(1), 89 (2019)
72	Clavero C.. Plasmon-induced hot-electron generation at nanoparticle/metal-oxide interfaces for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Nat. Photonics, 2014, 8(2): 95 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.238
73	Sönnichsen C., Franzl T., Wilk T., von Plessen G., Feldmann J., Wilson O., Mulvaney P.. Drastic reduction of plasmon damping in gold nanorods. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2002, 88(7): 077402 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.077402
74	B. Khurgin J.. Hot carriers generated by plasmons: Where are they generated and where do they go from there. Faraday Discuss., 2019, 214: 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FD00200B
75	B. Khurgin J.. Fundamental limits of hot carrier injection from metal in nanoplasmonics. Nanophotonics, 2020, 9(2): 453 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0396
76	Sundararaman R., Narang P., S. Jermyn A., Goddard III, A. Atwater H.. Theoretical predictions for hot-carrier generation from surface plasmon decay. Nat. Commun., 2014, 5(1): 5788 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6788
77	M. Dujardin M., L. Theye M.. Investigation of the optical properties of Ag by means of thin semi-transparent films. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1971, 32(9): 2033 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(71)80380-3
78	A. Maznev A., B. Wright O.. Demystifying umklapp vs normal scattering in lattice thermal conductivity. Am. J. Phys., 2014, 82(11): 1062 https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4892612
79	R. Parkins G., E. Lawrence W., W. Christy R., optical conductivity σ(ω Intraband, of Cu T). Ag, and Au: Contribution from electron-electron scattering. Phys. Rev. B, 1981, 23(12): 6408 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.23.6408
80	Kreibig U.Vollmer M., Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Vol. 25, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995
81	Landau L.. On the vibrations of the electronic plasma. Yad. Fiz., 1946, 10: 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-010586-4.50066-3
82	V. Uskov A., E. Protsenko I., A. Mortensen N., P. O’Reilly E.. Broadening of plasmonic resonance due to electron collisions with nanoparticle boundary: A quantum mechanical consideration. Plasmonics, 2014, 9(1): 185 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-013-9611-1
83	B. Khurgin J.. Ultimate limit of field confinement by surface plasmon polaritons. Faraday Discuss., 2015, 178: 109 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FD00193A
84	Khurgin J., Y. Tsai W., P. Tsai D., Sun G.. Landau damping and limit to field confinement and enhancement in plasmonic dimers. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(11): 2871 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00860
85	Watanabe K., Menzel D., Nilius N., J. Freund H.. Photochemistry on metal nanoparticles. Chem. Rev., 2006, 106(10): 4301 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050167g
86	S. Mueller N., G. M. Vieira B., Höing D., Schulz F., B. Barros E., Lange H., Reich S.. Direct optical excitation of dark plasmons for hot electron generation. Faraday Discuss., 2019, 214: 159 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FD00149A
87	Inouye H., Tanaka K., Tanahashi I., Hirao K.. Ultrafast dynamics of nonequilibrium electrons in a gold nanoparticle system. Phys. Rev. B, 1998, 57(18): 11334 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.11334
88	M. Ziman J., Electrons and phonons: The theory of transport phenomena in solids, Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 2001
89	B. Khurgin J., Levy U.. Generating hot carriers in plasmonic nanoparticles: When quantization does matter. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(3): 547 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01774
90	P. White T., R. Catchpole K.. Plasmon-enhanced internal photoemission for photovoltaics: Theoretical efficiency limits. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 101(7): 073905 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4746425
91	Kadlec J.. Theory of internal photoemission in sandwich structures. Phys. Rep., 1976, 26(2): 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(76)90020-X
92	A. Kovacs D., Winter J., Meyer S., Wucher A., Diesing D.. Photo and particle induced transport of excited carriers in thin film tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. B, 2007, 76(23): 235408 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.235408
93	V. Pepper S.. Optical analysis of photoemission. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1970, 60(6): 805 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.60.000805
94	Reuter K., Hohenester U., L. de Andres P., J. García-Vidal F., Flores F., Heinz K., Kocevar P.. Electron energy relaxation times from ballistic-electron-emission spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B, 2000, 61(7): 4522 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.4522
95	Scales C., Berini P.. Thin-film Schottky barrier photodetector models. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 2010, 46(5): 633 https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2010.2046720
96	Afsheen S., Iqbal T., Akram S., Bashir A., Tehseen A., Rafique M., Shakil M., Y. Khan M., Ijaz M.. Surface plasmon based 1D-grating device for efficient sensing using noble metals. Opt. Quantum Electron., 2020, 52(2): 64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2176-2
97	Iqbal T., Bashir A., Shakil M., Afsheen S., Tehseen A., Ijaz M., N. Riaz K.. Investigation of plasmonic bandgap for 1D exposed and buried metallic gratings. Plasmonics, 2019, 14(2): 493 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-018-0827-y
98	Takahashi Y., Tatsuma T.. Solid state photovoltaic cells based on localized surface plasmon-induced charge separation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011, 99(18): 182110 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3659476
99	Qiu C., Zhang H., Tian C., Jin X., Song Q., Xu L., Ijaz M., J. Blaikie R., Xu Q.. Breaking bandgap limitation: Improved photosensitization in plasmonic-based CsPbBr3 photodetectors via hot-electron injection. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2023, 122(24): 243502 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152459
100	W. Knight M., Sobhani H., Nordlander P., J. Halas N.. Photodetection with active optical antennas. Science, 2011, 332(6030): 702 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203056
101	Di Bartolomeo A.. Graphene schottky diodes: An experimental review of the rectifying graphene/semiconductor heterojunction. Phys. Rep., 2016, 606: 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2015.10.003
102	S. Li S., Semiconductor Physical Electronics, New York, Springer, 2006
103	Huan Y., M. Sun S., J. Gu C., J. Liu W., J. Ding S., Y. Yu H., T. Xia C., W. Zhang D.. Recent advances in β-Ga2O3–metal contacts. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2018, 13(1): 246 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2667-2
104	J. Fonash S., Solar Cell Device Physics, Elsevier, 2010

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed