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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

ISSN 2095-2430

ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

CN 10-1023/X

邮发代号 80-968

2019 Impact Factor: 1.68

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering  2014, Vol. 8 Issue (3): 201-236   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-014-0253-y
  本期目录
Ground movements due to deep excavations in Shanghai: Design charts
Malcolm D. BOLTON1(), Sze-Yue LAM2, Paul J. VARDANEGA3, Charles W. W. NG4, Xianfeng MA5
1. Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
2. Advanced Geomechanics, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
3. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
5. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
 全文: PDF(3483 KB)   HTML
Abstract：

Recent research has clarified the sequence of ground deformation mechanisms that manifest themselves when excavations are made in soft ground. Furthermore, a new framework to describe the deformability of clays in the working stress range has been devised using a large database of previously published soil tests. This paper aims to capitalize on these advances, by analyzing an expanded database of ground movements associated with braced excavations in Shanghai. It is shown that conventional design charts fail to take account either of the characteristics of soil deformability or the relevant deformation mechanisms, and therefore introduce significant scatter. A new method of presentation is found which provides a set of design charts that clarify the influence of soil deformability, wall stiffness, and the geometry of the excavation in relation to the depth of soft ground.
Key words： Shanghai    excavations    mobilizable strength design    dimensionless groups    design charts
收稿日期: 2013-07-10      出版日期: 2014-08-19
Corresponding Author(s): Malcolm D. BOLTON   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2014, 8(3): 201-236.
Malcolm D. BOLTON, Sze-Yue LAM, Paul J. VARDANEGA, Charles W. W. NG, Xianfeng MA. Ground movements due to deep excavations in Shanghai: Design charts. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2014, 8(3): 201-236.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/CN/10.1007/s11709-014-0253-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/CN/Y2014/V8/I3/201
authors method remarks
Lyndon & Schofield [26] increasing centrifugal
acceleration until failure		 A fast and simple method, unable to model progressive failure
Azevedo [27] removal of a bag of material from the excavation area More realistic stress histories. Difficult to quantify interaction between soil bags
Powrie [9] draining of heavy fluid Replace soil with fluid of same density. Draining it simulates excavation. Coefficient of lateral stress is always 1.0
Kimuara et al. [28]; Loh et al. [29]; Takemura et al. [30] in-flight excavator Modelling of more realistic construction sequence. Simple propping
Lam et al. [31] in-flight excavator with hydraulic props Modelling of multi-propped construction sequences in a realistic time scale
Technically demanding
Hong & Ng [32] draining of heavy fluid Modelling of multi-propped construction sequences and hydraulic uplift in a realistic time scale
Technically demanding
Tab.1  
Fig.1  
Fig.2  
Fig.3  
Fig.4  
Fig.5  
H (m) C (m) Hwall (m) EI (kNm2/m) np d1 (m) wmax (mm) Cmax (m) λ (m) H/Cmax s η wmax/H (%) ψ* M η*
Number of values reported by Xu [1] 249 166 237 232 230 176 249 182 182 182 231 217 249 182 182 169
max 39 27.8 53 4,320,000 8 5.5 400 51.6 48.15 1.3 10 10638 4.58 3.19 5.28 22.64
min 4.2 1.1 8.8 26,800 1 0 5.7 20.25 10.5 0.12 1.87 4.94 0.02 0.09 1.24 0.005
mean 12.5 12.5 24.1 1,180,439 2.8 1.7 50.7 35.3 28.8 0.38 4.3 662.0 0.45 0.74 2.6 0.61
standard deviation (σ) 5.0 4.1 7.6 789,518 1.4 1.0 43.3 7.9 8.2 0.17 1.2 1030.9 0.45 0.56 0.78 2.2
COV 0.40 0.33 0.31 0.67 0.51 0.61 0.85 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.28 1.6 1.0 0.75 0.30 3.5
Tab.2  
layer description thickness range (m) notes
1 fill 0 to 2 water table generally 0.5 to 1.0m below ground level
2 medium plasticity clay 2 to 4 yellowish, dark brown, inorganic clay of medium plasticity and compressibility
3 very soft silty clay 5 to 10 medium plasticity and high compressibility
4 very soft clay 5 to 10 highest void ratio and compressibility but usually lowest cu and permeability
field vane values from 35 to 72 kPa
SPT N values from 3 to 5
5 silty clay 5 to 17 greyish silty clay of low to
medium plasticity
representative SPT N of 10
6 stiff clay 2 to 6 dark green stiff low to medium plasticity clay
SPT N ranges generally from 12 to 42
7 fine to very fine sand 5 to 15 representative SPT N of 40
Tab.3  
ID p'0/kPa cu/kPa γM=2 b r R2 RD/%a) SE n p
IUC100 100 38.26 0.00519 0.365 0.963 0.927 27.0 0.037 13 <0.001
IUC200 200 61.46 0.00781 0.448 0.996 0.993 8.4 0.011 65 <0.001
IUC400 400 118.06 0.00586 0.630 0.989 0.978 14.8 0.027 11 <0.001
IUE100 100 -32.41 0.00381 0.308 0.978 0.956 21.0 0.024 225 <0.001
IUE200 200 -52.79 0.00361 0.344 0.989 0.977 15.2 0.018 181 <0.001
IUE400 400 -97.1 0.00344 0.363 0.991 0.981 13.8 0.018 160 <0.001
Tab.4  
Fig.6  
Fig.7  
Fig.8  
Fig.9  
Fig.10  
Fig.11  
Fig.12  
Fig.13  
Fig.14  
Fig.15  
Fig.16  
Fig.17  
Fig.18  
Fig.19  
Δ/L in hogging for structure up to 0.5 × 10-3 up to 0.8 × 10-3 up to 1.6 × 10-3 up to 3.2 × 10-3 up to 6.4 × 10-3
damage negligible slight moderate severe catastrophic
cracks <1?mm ? 1 to 5?mm ? 5 to 15?mm ? to 25?mm ? >25?mm ?
consequences redecoration?
repointing?		 doors stick?
weather-tight?		 partial rebuilding? shore walls
demolish
(wmax/λ)crit for excavation <1 × 10-3 2 × 10-3 4 × 10-3 8 × 10-3 >8 × 10-3
ψ* for Shanghai <0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 >3.2
M for Shanghai >2.9 2.2 1.65 1.25 <1.25
Tab.5  
Fig.20  
case H/m C/m description Hwall/m EI /(kN·m-2) np d1/m wmax/mm Cmax/m ??m H/Cmax s η wmax/H /(%) Ψ* M η*
1 22.4 14 1.0?m DW 35 2,500,000 6 0 34.59 43.5 32.30 0.51 3.73 1312 0.154 0.43 2.82 0.234
2 14.6 13.1 1.0?m DW 28 2,630,000 3 20.9 43.5 36.20 0.34 4.87 478 0.143 0.23 3.63 0.156
3 15 10.8 0.8?m DW 28.5 1,280,000 5 2.75 34 44.5 37.00 0.34 2.45 3621 0.227 0.37 3.00 0.070
4 14.2 10 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 2.6 64.5 34.2 27.10 0.42 0.454 0.96 2.03 0.242
5 14.87 0.8?m DW 27 1,280,000 2 2.8 21.4 41.5 34.07 0.36 6.04 98 0.144 0.25 3.51 0.097
6 10.8 0.8?m DW 21.9 1,280,000 2 0 28 5.40 153 0.259
7 13.6 11.85 0.8?m DW 27.5 1,280,000 4 0 32 45.9 39.10 0.30 3.40 976 0.235 0.33 3.15 0.056
8 17.5 24.8 1.0?m DW 30 2,500,000 4 4.1 129 40 31.25 0.44 3.44 1820 0.737 1.67 1.62 0.267
9 10 0.6?m DW 19 540,000 2 37.5 5.00 88 0.375
10 12.4 0.8?m DW 24 1,280,000 3 0.45 33.51 40.8 34.60 0.30 3.98 518 0.270 0.39 2.94 0.091
11 11.15 DW 23 2 14 6.00 0.126
12 13.2 13.85 0.8?m DW 26.9 1,280,000 4 42 30 23.40 0.44 3.40 976 0.318 0.73 2.28 0.435
13 13.1 0.8?m DW 27.5 1,280,000 4 0 10.9 3.28 1134 0.083
14 7.85 0.8?m Diameter SPW 602,880 2 0.4 17 49.6 45.68 0.16 3.73 319 0.217 0.15 4.35 0.014
15 11.57 14.5 0.6?m DW 20.5 540,000 2 2.97 24.5 44.5 38.72 0.26 4.30 161 0.212 0.26 3.50 0.025
16 9.4 11.4 0.6?m DW 20.8 540,000 2 0.65 42 30 25.30 0.31 4.38 150 0.447 0.67 2.36 0.134
17 11.55 5.53 0.95?m SPW 23.15 1,089,860 2 47.47 5.73 103 0.411
18 13.38 12.8 0.8?m DW 25.4 1,280,000 2 1.98 26 28 21.31 0.48 6.40 78 0.194 0.49 2.67 0.633
19 15.4 1.27?m SPW 28 2,143,400 5 1.57 5.7 29.4 21.70 0.52 2.77 3733 0.037 0.11 5.02 0.985
20 5.8 0.6?m DW 12 540,000 1 1 10.84 49.6 46.70 0.12 4.80 104 0.187 0.09 5.28 0.012
21 17.35 7.6 1.0?m DW 34 2,700,000 4 0 62.6 33.1 24.43 0.52 4.34 778 0.361 1.04 1.97 0.773
22* 12 10.06 0.8?m DW 21.2 1,280,000 3 19.59 32.3 26.30 0.37 4.17 432 0.163 0.30 3.27 0.273
23* 14.4 12 0.8?m DW 26.84 1,280,000 7 1.3 23.5 30 22.80 0.48 1.87 10638 0.163 0.42 2.86 0.483
24* 17.55 12.47 0.8?m DW 31 1,280,000 5 0.1 53.69 32.3 23.53 0.54 3.49 880 0.306 0.92 2.07 0.426
25* 19.25 12.47 1.0?m DW 34.65 2,500,000 5 0.1 28 32.3 22.68 0.60 3.83 1184 0.145 0.50 2.66 0.964
26* 13.2 19.34 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 4 72.4 38 31.40 0.35 3.30 1100 0.548 0.93 2.06 0.134
27* 15 19.34 0.8?m DW 28 1,280,000 4 30.5 51.6 44.10 0.29 3.75 660 0.203 0.28 3.37 0.034
28* 13.5 7.7 0.8?m DW 1,280,000 3 0 68.5 28 21.25 0.48 4.50 318 0.507 1.30 1.79 0.640
29 26.45 13.5 0.8?m DW (φ60?m circle) 37.5 1,280,000 10.57 30 16.78 0.88 0.040 0.25 3.50 1.648
30 33.7 21.5 0.8?m DW (φ5.6?m circle) 48 1,280,000 25 0.074
31 32.09 14.95 1.0?m DW (φ24.6?m circle) 51 2,500,000 19.2 29.4 13.36 1.09 0.060 0.58 2.50 8.011
32 18.7 15.05 0.7?m DW (φ28?m circle) 30 857,500 72 30 20.65 0.62 0.385 1.41 1.74 0.481
33 23.2 14.55 1.2?m DW (φ62.4?m circle) 38.2 4,320,000 19.7 25 13.40 0.93 0.085 0.59 2.48 13.658
34* 15.9 14.45 0.65?m DW 23.8 686,560 33 0.208
35* 31 9.7 1.0?m DW (φ30?m circle) 53 2,700,000 16.65 29.4 13.90 1.05 0.054 0.48 2.69 7.373
36 12.1 13.5 0.8?m DW 24 1,280,000 5 1 106 30 23.95 0.40 3.67 719 0.876 1.79 1.58 0.397
37 13.4 24 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 3 0.4 83.1 40 33.30 0.34 4.33 370 0.620 1.01 1.99 0.106
38 12 15.2 0.8?m DW 20.97 1,280,000 2 2.2 107.74 28 22.00 0.43 4.90 226 0.898 1.98 1.51 0.557
39 12.5 0.8?m DW 25.5 1,280,000 3 0.9 120 30 23.75 0.42 3.87 584 0.960 2.04 1.49 0.410
40 13.4 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 3 1.65 100 3.92 554 0.746
41 9.5 11.85 0.8?m DW 21 1,280,000 2 1.5 29 30 25.25 0.32 3.50 869 0.305 0.46 2.74 0.321
42 11.4 15.2 0.8?m DW 21.55 1,280,000 2 2.55 16.9 32.3 26.60 0.35 4.43 340 0.148 0.26 3.49 0.261
43 15.7 16.3 1.0?m DW 30.5 2,500,000 3 1.5 45.45 30.3 22.45 0.52 4.67 536 0.289 0.82 2.17 1.003
44 11.5 0.8?m DW 22.4 1,280,000 2 2.7 16.35 37.7 31.95 0.31 4.40 348 0.142 0.21 3.82 0.125
45 16 8.5 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 4 1.8 28.17 45.9 37.90 0.35 3.43 943 0.176 0.30 3.28 0.063
46 13.4 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 3 1.65 86 46.1 39.40 0.29 3.92 554 0.642 0.88 2.11 0.054
47 15.5 13.9 1.0?m DW 36 2,500,000 3 3.4 85 30 22.25 0.52 4.03 963 0.548 1.54 1.67 1.040
48 19.65 13.9 1.0?m DW 36 2,500,000 4 3.3 81 30 20.18 0.66 4.09 913 0.412 1.62 1.64 1.538
49 15.1 1.0?m DW 38 2,700,000 3 2.5 90 30.3 22.75 0.50 4.20 884 0.596 1.60 1.65 1.027
50 13.65 13.2 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 3 3.05 79.3 30.3 23.48 0.45 3.53 837 0.581 1.36 1.76 0.430
51 18.2 13.2 1.0?m DW 33 2,500,000 4 3.05 99.9 30.3 21.20 0.60 3.79 1238 0.549 1.90 1.54 1.262
52 10.35 13 1.0?m DW 23.6 2,500,000 2 1.4 79 4.48 635 0.763
53 17.15 14.7 1.2?m DW 31 4,320,000 3 1.8 71 5.12 642 0.414
54 12.65 10.5 0.6?m DW 22 540,000 3 1.05 46 3.87 246 0.364
55 10.26 0.8?m DW 21 1,280,000 2 2.3 24 3.98 520 0.234
56 9.6 0.8?m DW 18.5 1,280,000 1 17.5 51.6 46.80 0.19 9.60 15 0.182 0.15 4.34 0.027
57 13 14.65 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 3 0.4 58 51.6 45.10 0.25 3.93 547 0.446 0.52 2.62 0.032
58 15.3 4.5 0.8?m DW 31 1,280,000 3 1.16 71.5 30 22.35 0.51 4.71 264 0.467 1.29 1.80 0.523
59 13.23 14 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 3 0.55 40 45.9 39.29 0.29 4.23 409 0.302 0.41 2.88 0.055
60 13 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 3 37 45.9 39.40 0.28 4.33 370 0.285 0.38 2.98 0.054
61 12.1 13.35 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 2 2.85 130 28 21.95 0.43 4.33 371 1.074 2.39 1.40 0.562
62 12.5 13 0.8?m DW 23 1,280,000 3 1.5 14.2 44.5 38.25 0.28 3.67 722 0.114 0.15 4.35 0.061
63 13.7 0.8?m DW 28 1,280,000 3 1.3 42.6 51.6 44.75 0.27 4.13 447 0.311 0.38 2.96 0.033
64 16.87 14.8 1.0?m DW 32 2,500,000 3 2 101.9 4.96 422 0.604
65 14.1 7.9 0.8?m DW 28 1,280,000 2 2.1 72.29 51.6 44.55 0.27 4.00 510 0.513 0.66 2.38 0.033
66 11 12 0.8?m DW 21 1,280,000 2 2.5 37 4.25 400 0.336
67 10.2 11.5 0.6?m DW 20 540,000 2 1.9 27 27.5 22.40 0.37 4.15 186 0.265 0.49 2.69 0.219
68 15 23.9 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 3 2 59 4.33 370 0.393
69 14.2 12 1.0?m DW 29 2,500,000 3 2.6 22.5 34.2 27.10 0.42 3.87 1140 0.158 0.34 3.13 0.472
70 16.9 14.4 1.0?m DW 33 2,500,000 3 2.8 83.2 30.6 22.15 0.55 4.70 522 0.492 1.52 1.69 1.059
71 14 0.8?m DW 23.6 1,344,000 5 0.6 41.3 44.5 37.50 0.31 2.68 2656 0.295 0.44 2.79 0.069
72 21.5 0.8?m DW 35 1,280,000 5 24.4 30 19.25 0.72 4.30 382 0.113 0.51 2.63 0.950
73 11.35 13.5 0.8?m DW 22 1,280,000 2 2.3 66.3 4.53 311 0.584
74 15.7 9.3 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 4 0.5 31.59 3.80 626 0.201
75 15.25 12.85 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 3 47.1 45.9 38.28 0.33 5.08 195 0.309 0.50 2.66 0.061
76 14.7 0.8?m DW 23.45 1,280,000 3 32.35 30 22.65 0.49 4.90 226 0.220 0.58 2.51 0.496
77 17.85 14 1.0?m DW (φ100?m circle) 32 2,500,000 4 30.1 30 21.08 0.60 4.46 643 0.169 0.58 2.51 1.292
78 16.3 1.0?m DW 38 2,700,000 3 85 28 19.85 0.58 5.43 316 0.521 1.73 1.60 1.773
79 16.7 0.8?m DW 29 1,280,000 3 1.25 115 40 31.65 0.42 5.15 185 0.689 1.47 1.71 0.130
80 12 12.6 0.8?m DW 24 1,280,000 3 0.5 38.4 32.3 26.30 0.37 3.73 674 0.320 0.59 2.48 0.273
81 15.45 6.5 0.8?m DW 27.7 1,280,000 3 1.45 41.35 40 32.28 0.39 4.67 275 0.268 0.52 2.62 0.120
82 13.5 9.1 0.8?m DW 24.75 1,280,000 3 1.5 18.94 45.9 39.15 0.29 4.00 510 0.140 0.20 3.91 0.056
83 14.2 5.3 0.8?m DW 26 1,280,000 3 1.55 32.9 4.22 413 0.232
84* 17.15 8.85 1.0?m BDW 34.75 4,320,000 3 2.05 77.75 44.5 35.93 0.39 5.03 686 0.453 0.87 2.11 0.264
85* 14.95 8.85 0.8?m DW 28.6 1,280,000 3 2.05 93.06 44.5 37.03 0.34 4.30 382 0.622 1.02 1.99 0.069
86 13.5 10.06 0.8?m DW 24 1,280,000 3 1.4 61.16 30 23.25 0.45 4.03 493 0.453 1.06 1.95 0.447
87* 30.4 9.6 1.2?m DW 44 4,320,000 6 2.2 123 45 29.80 0.68 4.70 902 0.405 1.67 1.62 0.558
88 12.3 0.8?m DW 23.6 1,280,000 3 1.8 40.32 44.5 38.35 0.28 3.60 777 0.328 0.42 2.84 0.060
89 16 14.5 1.0?m DW 30 2,500,000 3 4 112.7 28.6 20.60 0.56 4.00 995 0.704 2.21 1.44 1.415
90 14 12.95 0.8?m DW 26.52 1,280,000 2 0.5 71.2 28 21.00 0.50 3.38 1000 0.509 1.37 1.76 0.671
91 15.5 13 0.6?m DW 28 540,000 5 1.5 38 30.3 22.55 0.51 2.80 896 0.245 0.68 2.34 0.213
92 14 12.4 0.8?m DW 25.96 1,280,000 3 50 30.3 23.30 0.46 3.23 1199 0.357 0.87 2.12 0.443
93 14.7 10.4 0.6?m DW 26.5 540,000 4 0.7 39.2 3.50 367 0.267
94 15 12.4 0.6?m DW 28 540,000 4 1.5 70 32.3 24.80 0.46 3.38 424 0.467 1.14 1.90 0.146
95 15 13.81 0.8?m DW 31.6 1,280,000 3 1.75 28.3 43.5 36.00 0.34 4.42 343 0.189 0.32 3.20 0.078
96 22.12 0.8?m DW 40 1,280,000 6 0.52 103.94 51.6 40.54 0.43 3.60 777 0.470 1.04 1.97 0.048
97 19.48 0.8?m DW 37 1,280,000 6 1 144.3 28 18.26 0.70 3.08 1450 0.741 3.19 1.24 1.174
98 8.7 0.6?m DW 540,000 2 1.5 28 32.3 27.95 0.27 3.60 328 0.322 0.40 2.90 0.090
99 14.7 0.6?m DW 25.7 540,000 5 0.8 59 40.8 33.45 0.36 2.78 922 0.401 0.71 2.30 0.044
100 12.4 0.6?m DW 20.5 540,000 2 3.6 110 27.5 21.30 0.45 4.40 147 0.887 2.09 1.48 0.267
101 14.03 0.6?m DW 26 540,000 5 2.9 101.46 28.6 21.59 0.49 2.23 2242 0.723 1.90 1.54 0.254
102 15.73 1.0?m DW 32.45 2,500,000 4 2.05 25 44.5 36.64 0.35 3.42 1863 0.159 0.28 3.39 0.141
103 24.46 7.9 1.0?m DW 42 2,500,000 8 2 29.6 44.5 32.27 0.55 2.81 4102 0.121 0.37 3.00 0.235
104 20.53 7.9 1.0?m DW 36 2,500,000 7 2 27.1 44.5 34.24 0.46 2.65 5190 0.132 0.32 3.19 0.186
105 16 8.45 0.6?m DW 26 540,000 4 86 29.5 21.50 0.54 4.00 215 0.538 1.62 1.64 0.258
106 19.83 1.0?m DW 33 2,500,000 7 20 30 20.09 0.66 2.83 3957 0.101 0.40 2.91 1.566
107 17.66 0.8?m DW 32 1,280,000 6 18.3 30 21.17 0.59 2.94 1739 0.104 0.35 3.08 0.650
108 10.6 12.78 0.8?m DW 20 1,280,000 2 2.4 35.6 44.5 39.20 0.24 4.10 462 0.336 0.37 3.02 0.055
109 16.91 8.65 0.8?m DW 29 1,280,000 5 1.4 35.92 28.5 20.05 0.59 3.10 1409 0.212 0.72 2.28 0.808
110 15.36 11.7 0.8?m DW 29 1,280,000 3 41.5 38.1 30.42 0.40 5.12 190 0.270 0.55 2.55 0.152
111 17.5 16.75 0.8?m DW 32.2 1,280,000 5 28 35 26.25 0.50 3.50 869 0.160 0.43 2.82 0.275
112 17 12.7 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 4 26 28 19.50 0.61 4.25 400 0.153 0.54 2.58 0.902
113 23 1.0?m DW 38 2,500,000 6 35.3 3.83 1180 0.153
114 16 0.8?m DW 27.3 1,280,000 4 0.6 42.7 3.85 594 0.267
115 20.82 10.34 1.0?m DW 35 2,500,000 7 29.43 2.97 3256 0.141
116 12.5 14.55 0.8?m DW 25 1,280,000 3 2 118.39 3.50 869 0.947
117 15 12 0.8?m DW 28.5 1,280,000 5 1.2 64 2.76 2249 0.427
118 15.2 11.3 0.8?m DW 30.4 1,280,000 6 97.8 44.5 36.90 0.34 2.53 3168 0.643 1.07 1.94 0.070
119 13.5 0.8?m DW 24.4 1,280,000 72.5 38 31.25 0.36 0.537 0.94 2.05 0.137
120 12.3 0.65?m DW 18.5 686,560 3 51.4 28 21.85 0.44 4.10 248 0.418 0.95 2.04 0.307
121 8.9 27.8 0.6?m DW 16.5 540,000 3 2.36 27 28.3 23.85 0.31 2.18 2437 0.303 0.46 2.76 0.170
122 13.23 0.6?m DW 24 540,000 4 18 3.31 460 0.136
123 11 14.89 0.8?m DW 22.3 1,280,000 3 1 89 28.6 23.10 0.38 3.33 1057 0.809 1.56 1.67 0.458
124 17 8.3 0.8?m DW 30 1,280,000 5 1.5 167 46.1 37.60 0.37 3.10 1413 0.982 1.79 1.57 0.065
125 15 11.8 0.6?m DW 26 540,000 4 1.5 50 32.3 24.80 0.46 3.38 424 0.333 0.81 2.18 0.146
126 14.42 8.65 0.8?m DW 27 1,280,000 4 1.4 70 28.5 21.29 0.51 3.26 1162 0.485 1.33 1.78 0.635
127 15 15.8 0.8?m DW 28 1,280,000 5 1.85 71.22 3.29 1114 0.475
128 13 16.75 SPW 22 110 27.1 20.60 0.48 0.846 2.16 1.46
129 39 13.41 1.0?m DW (φ8.2?m circle) 47 2,700,000 8.94 30 10.50 1.30 0.023 0.34 3.10 22.643
130 9.9 9.9 0.9?m SPW 20.5 965,700 3 17.55 28.6 23.65 0.35 3.50 656 0.177 0.30 3.28 0.315
131 13.55 12 1.0?m SPW 25.6 1,471,900 2 2.5 75 33.1 26.33 0.41 5.53 161 0.554 1.15 1.89 0.312
132 11 14.3 0.9?m SPW 23 919,700 2 2 23.3 28.6 23.10 0.38 4.50 229 0.212 0.41 2.89 0.329
133 8 1.0?m SPW 20 1,471,900 1 2 27 44.9 40.90 0.18 6.00 116 0.338 0.27 3.44 0.054
134 13.3 14.1 1.2?m SPW 26 2,260,000 3 2.2 21 40 33.35 0.33 3.70 1229 0.158 0.25 3.51 0.186
135 10.3 16.75 1.1?m SPW 23.2 1,567,300 1 30.76 49.6 44.45 0.21 8.30 34 0.299 0.28 3.37 0.041
136 11.75 18 1.0?m SPW 28.5 1,471,900 3 0.5 57 46.1 40.23 0.25 3.75 759 0.485 0.57 2.51 0.057
137 13 9.3 0.9?m SPW 15.35 878,000 1 65 28 21.50 0.46 7.05 36 0.500 1.22 1.84 0.419
138 14.7 12.18 1.0?m SPW 30 1,471,900 3 98.6 46.1 38.75 0.32 4.23 469 0.671 1.03 1.98 0.067
139 10.7 1.0?m SPW 25 1,471,900 1 3.3 51.5 7.45 49 0.481
140 8.65 12.5 0.85?m SPW 17 808,000 2 0.5 53 4.03 312 0.613
141 10.65 0.85?m SPW 23 853,700 2 3.45 36 32.3 26.98 0.33 3.15 884 0.338 0.54 2.58 0.164
142 8 10.5 0.8?m SPW 19.5 700,000 2 0.9 36.5 3.55 449 0.456
143 9.1 0.85?m SPW 22 698,500 1 3.4 42 5.70 67 0.462
144 14.7 1.1?m SPW 31 1,724,000 3 1.3 39 32.3 24.95 0.46 4.47 442 0.265 0.63 2.41 0.454
145 11.05 0.9?m SPW 20.6 919,700 2 1.6 31 40 34.48 0.28 4.73 188 0.281 0.36 3.03 0.066
146 11.25 16.9 1.0?m SPW 25 1,279,900 2 1.6 40.4 28.6 22.98 0.39 4.83 241 0.359 0.71 2.30 0.468
147 9.67 13 0.85?m SPW 21 698,500 2 1 31 40 35.17 0.24 4.34 202 0.321 0.36 3.05 0.047
148 12 16.8 1.05?m SPW 26 1,490,000 2 2.5 40.1 44.9 38.90 0.27 4.75 298 0.334 0.42 2.86 0.066
149 7.25 9.5 0.8?m SPW 18 602,880 1 2.7 57 40.8 37.18 0.18 4.55 143 0.786 0.62 2.43 0.032
150 13.6 1.05?m SPW 30 1,490,000 2 1.7 58 30 23.20 0.45 5.95 121 0.426 1.01 1.99 0.524
151 13.3 2.6 1.1?m SPW 28 1,795,800 3 1.1 130 30 23.35 0.44 4.07 669 0.977 2.25 1.43 0.616
152 10.4 4.6 0.95?m SPW 21.5 1,141,800 2 1.03 26.4 30 24.80 0.35 4.69 242 0.254 0.43 2.83 0.308
153 8.1 11.1 0.9?m SPW 16 919,700 1 1 27.57 7.10 37 0.340
154 11.15 0.8?m SPW 24.5 602,880 2 69 46.1 40.53 0.24 5.58 64 0.619 0.69 2.33 0.023
155 8.4 0.8?m SPW 18 602,880 2 29 46.1 41.90 0.18 4.20 197 0.345 0.28 3.37 0.020
156 8.15 14.7 0.8?m SPW 18 602,880 2 0 75.3 32.3 28.23 0.25 4.08 223 0.924 1.08 1.94 0.097
157 10.55 13.81 0.9?m SPW 21.6 1,016,520 2 1.9 49.9 45.4 40.13 0.23 4.33 296 0.473 0.50 2.65 0.040
158 9.7 18.75 0.85?m SPW 15.6 768,320 1 4.8 48.4 4.90 136 0.499
159 10.7 1.0?m SPW 27 1,226,560 3 0.4 17 3.43 900 0.159
160 8.1 10.4 0.85?m SPW 18 768,320 2 0 46 28.6 24.55 0.28 4.05 291 0.568 0.76 2.24 0.216
161 12.4 13.33 1.1?m SPW 26.5 1,465,400 2 2 42.6 5.20 204 0.344
162 10 0.85?m SPW 768,320 1 32 10.00 8 0.320
163 13.35 14.4 1.1?m SPW 25.4 1,795,800 3 0.7 75.02 28.3 21.63 0.47 4.22 579 0.562 1.40 1.74 0.837
164 9 14 0.8?m SPW 22 634,610 2 1.2 32 3.90 280 0.356
165 7 10 0.8?m SPW 15 634,610 1 2 20.1 30.3 26.80 0.23 5.00 104 0.287 0.30 3.26 0.125
166 7.55 10 0.85?m SPW 17 768,320 1 2 20.5 30.3 26.53 0.25 5.55 83 0.272 0.31 3.22 0.158
167 5.5 7.35 0.6?m SPW 14.8 254,340 1 0 33.7 43 40.25 0.13 5.50 28 0.613 0.34 3.12 0.010
168 6.9 22 0.7?m SPW 14 392,660 1 1.15 27 51.6 48.15 0.13 5.75 37 0.391 0.23 3.68 0.007
169 11.8 1.05?m SPW 24 1,490,890 2 2.52 22.3 31 25.10 0.38 4.64 328 0.189 0.36 3.04 0.383
170 5.22 0.6?m SPW 15 1 0 18.9 33.1 30.49 0.16 5.22 0.362 0.25 3.53
171 6.85 13 0.8?m SPW 12.7 602,880 1 1.9 30.5 4.95 102 0.445
172 12 13 1.0?m SPW 26 1,279,890 2 2.5 10.86 4.75 256 0.091
173 10.5 0.9?m SPW 20 1,192,200 1 3.3 59.44 32.3 27.05 0.33 7.20 45 0.566 0.89 2.10 0.227
174 12.5 13.1 1.0?m SPW 27 1,222,650 3 2.05 20.7 51.6 45.35 0.24 3.48 847 0.166 0.18 4.00 0.029
175 9.4 0.85?m SPW 19.5 768,320 2 28 4.70 161 0.298
176 8.6 13.5 0.8?m SPW 19 634,600 2 1.5 31 3.55 407 0.360
177 9.2 5.5 0.8?m SPW 20 634,600 2 10 28.6 24.00 0.32 4.60 144 0.109 0.17 4.15 0.195
178 7.84 0.8?m SPW 14.5 350,300 1 3.5 12 43.5 39.58 0.18 4.34 101 0.153 0.12 4.73 0.015
179 8.3 7.1 0.8?m SPW (φ=200?m circle) 18.3 602,880 2 1.2 58.8 3.55 387 0.708
180 9.7 7.1 0.9?m SPW (φ=200?m circle) 19.6 965,700 2 1.2 56.7 30 25.15 0.32 4.25 302 0.585 0.91 2.08 0.246
181 10.6 0.8?m SPW 1 32.4 29.7 24.40 0.36 6.00 0.306 0.54 2.58
182 15.3 5.3 1.2?m SPW 26 2,180,000 3 1.55 35.2 43.5 35.85 0.35 4.22 701 0.230 0.40 2.92 0.135
183 10.25 14.56 0.85?m SPW 21 900,000 2 2 63 28 22.88 0.37 4.13 317 0.615 1.11 1.91 0.335
184 10.8 14.6 0.9?m SPW 24 919,700 2 0.45 62.5 45.9 40.50 0.24 5.18 131 0.579 0.62 2.43 0.035
185 10.3 14.7 1.0?m SPW 26 1,471,900 2 2.15 71 28 22.85 0.37 4.08 544 0.689 1.26 1.82 0.550
186 10.6 0.8?m SPW 21 709,300 3 1.2 60 28 22.70 0.38 3.13 750 0.566 1.07 1.95 0.272
187 15.8 14 1.0?m SPW 28 1,280,000 5 1.2 29.77 35 27.10 0.45 2.92 1795 0.188 0.44 2.79 0.242
188 9.75 0.8?m SPW 20 602,880 2 2.5 64 28.6 23.73 0.34 4.13 211 0.656 1.09 1.93 0.194
189 8.4 17.49 0.8?m SPW 19 669,000 2 1.75 25.3 49.6 45.40 0.17 3.33 558 0.301 0.23 3.69 0.016
190 8.9 0.9?m SPW 19 965,700 2 2 40 25.5 21.05 0.35 3.80 472 0.449 0.77 2.23 0.501
191 7.45 14 0.8?m SPW 15 634,610 1 2 30 30 26.28 0.25 5.45 73 0.403 0.46 2.75 0.136
192 6.2 15.5 0.6?m SPW 10 1 1.5 40 30 26.90 0.21 4.70 0.645 0.60 2.46
193 8.3 18 2 30 30 25.85 0.28 4.15 0.361 0.47 2.73
194 4.65 11.7 0.6?m SPW 14 222,550 1 0 21 30 27.68 0.16 4.65 49 0.452 0.31 3.25 0.039
195 9.25 3.9 2 20 4.63 0.216
196 8.86 4.1 0.85?m SPW 19.2 768,300 2 1.75 23 22.5 17.88 0.41 3.56 490 0.260 0.52 2.62 0.767
197 9.9 0.8?m SPW 634,600 2 1.2 28 40.8 36.37 0.22 4.35 181 0.283 0.31 3.23 0.037
198 13.3 8.25 1.0?m SPW 23.5 1,471,900 4 0 33.7 3.33 1228 0.253
199 8.2 0.85?m SPW 16.95 731,740 1 2.9 24.46 5.30 95 0.298
200 8.4 14.3 0.85?m SPW 15 768,300 1 32.5 8.40 16 0.387
201 7.5 11.73 0.6?m SPW 13 254,340 2 1.25 16.78 51.6 47.85 0.15 3.23 238 0.224 0.14 4.46 0.005
202 13.4 1.0?m SPW 26 1,471,900 3 60 30.3 23.60 0.44 4.47 377 0.448 1.03 1.98 0.484
203 11.5 20 33.5 27.75 0.34 0.174 0.29 3.32
204 7.8 0.8?m SPW 17 602,880 2 1.2 200 3.30 518 2.564
205 7.1 0.8?m SPW 1 21.5 30 26.45 0.24 7.10 0.303 0.33 3.16
206 6.6 13 0.8?m SPW 15.4 602,880 1 2.1 16.58 25 21.70 0.26 4.50 150 0.251 0.31 3.24 0.277
207 15.4 1.27?m XXX 28 2,143,000 4 1.57 17.77 29.4 21.70 0.52 3.46 0.115 0.33 3.15
208 9.47 17.6 22 817,700 125 30 25.27 0.32 1.320 2.00 1.51 0.205
209 10.2 14.3 SPW 21 390,640 3 2.5 71 43.5 38.40 0.23 2.90 563 0.696 0.75 2.25 0.018
210 6.5 14.85 SPW 15 1 1.5 21 27.1 23.85 0.24 5.00 0.323 0.36 3.06
211 12.5 SPW 20 197,000 2 5.5 400 3.50 134 3.200
212 6.2 13.15 SPW 18 406,465 3 0.1 68 2.03 2424 1.097
213 7.6 7 SPW 14 406,465 80 1.053
214 6.55 SPW 12 264,600 300 4.580
215 6.55 SPW 12 264,600 1 40 6.55 15 0.611
216 7 19.05 SPW 9 67,500 23.9 0.341
217 7.4 12.56 SPW 18 264,600 0.32 225 7.08 11 3.041
218 9.1 12.7 SPW 22 364,560 3 100 3.03 439 1.099
219 6.62 13.7 SPW 12 264,600 1 35 6.62 14 0.529
220 10 14.3 SMW 20 231,500 3 25.2 3.08 262 0.252
221 5.8 14.3 SMW 12 124,500 1 26.5 5.05 20 0.457
222 10.7 SMW 20 306,600 3 0.4 30.46 3.43 225 0.285
223 7.9 16 SMW 8.8 26,800 2 2.5 29.5 2.70 51 0.373
224 8.7 SMW 13.6 345,000 1 3.45 30 5.20 48 0.345
225 7.45 SMW 15.6 18 27.1 23.38 0.27 0.242 0.31 3.23
226 7.95 12.1 SMW 16 2 1.95 80 40 36.03 0.20 3.00 1.006 0.90 2.09
227 7 11.86 SMW 12 69,300 2 1 27.5 3.00 87 0.393
228 6.85 SMW 1 2.9 30.21 32.3 28.88 0.21 3.95 0.441 0.42 2.85
229 7.33 SMW 16 408,674 1 2.64 33.6 32.3 28.64 0.23 4.69 86 0.458 0.47 2.72 0.062
230 9.38 9.15 SMW 20.5 138,432 3 0.7 38 28.6 23.91 0.33 3.10 153 0.405 0.64 2.40 0.043
231 6 1.9 SMW 18 2 10.4 27.5 24.50 0.22 3.00 0.173 0.17 4.12
232 7.5 10.8 SMW 12 220,500 1 80 28 24.25 0.27 7.50 7 1.067 1.33 1.78 0.065
233 6 8.25 SMW 42 0.700
234 7.33 SMW 16 239,750 1 2.6 9.4 32.3 28.64 0.23 4.73 49 0.128 0.13 4.58 0.036
235 9.05 SMW 18 408,660 1 3.15 34.98 29.1 24.58 0.31 5.90 34 0.387 0.58 2.51 0.114
236 13.2 10.91 SMW 26 407,900 3 28 3.96 169 0.212
237 4.2 SMW 9 150,990 1 0.8 18 29.8 27.70 0.14 3.40 115 0.429 0.26 3.46 0.026
238 9.35 SMW 19.45 3 28 3.12 0.299
239 17.52 SMW 33.8 5 37 3.50 0.211
240 13.19 SMW 26 628,700 4 59.76 29.2 22.61 0.45 3.30 542 0.453 1.07 1.95 0.245
241 5.45 18.5 SMW 12 107,300 1 1.35 30 4.22 34 0.550
242 10 1.1 SMW 20 125,800 3 0.6 28 44.5 39.50 0.22 3.13 133 0.280 0.29 3.34 0.005
243 6.65 SMW 15.5 408,660 2 24.64 30.3 26.98 0.22 3.33 341 0.371 0.37 3.01 0.079
244 9.54 13.6 SMW 20 48,650 2 1.4 17.4 20.25 15.48 0.47 4.07 18 0.182 0.45 2.76 0.086
245 5.25 SMW 10 37,520 1 25 28 25.38 0.19 5.25 5 0.476 0.40 2.92 0.009
246 7.7 14.7 SMW 16.8 64,870 1 1.65 20.63 38 34.15 0.20 6.05 5 0.268 0.24 3.57 0.005
247 8.35 11 SMW 17.5 339,110 2 1.5 51.5 27.7 23.53 0.30 3.43 251 0.617 0.88 2.10 0.113
248 14.3 SMW 441,000 4 105.59 3.58 275 0.738
249 7.3 11.55 SMW 12 306,600 2 1.7 28 28.6 24.95 0.26 2.80 508 0.384 0.45 2.77 0.081
?
n 249 166 237 232 230 176 249 182 182 182 231 217 249 182 182 169
max 39 27.8 53 4,320,000 8 5.5 400 51.6 48.15 1.3 10 10638 4.58 3.19 5.28 22.64
min 4.2 1.1 8.8 26800 1 0 5.7 20.25 10.5 0.12 1.87 4.94 0.02 0.09 1.24 0.00
average 12.5 12.5 24.1 1180439 2.8 1.7 50.7 35.3 28.8 0.4 4.3 662.0 0.4 0.7 2.6 0.6
σ 5.0 4.1 7.6 789518 1.4 1.0 43.3 7.9 8.2 0.2 1.2 1030.9 0.4 0.6 0.8 2.2
COV 0.40 0.33 0.31 0.67 0.51 0.61 0.85 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.28 1.56 1.01 0.75 0.30 3.54
?
* staged excavation data also reported
DW= diaphragm wall
SPW= secant pile wall
BDW= buttress DW
cases 130 to 208 Cast-in-place piles
cases 209 to 219 Sheet pile wall
cases 220 to 249 SMW (Soil Mixing Wall)
  
strata 1-1 2-1 2-2 2-3-1 2-3-2 2-3-3 3 4 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 6 7-1 7-2 8-1 8-2 9-1 9-2
case borehole location fill silty clay clay silty and sandy clay sandy clay sandy clay silty clay clay silty clay sandy clay silty clay with sand silty clay silty clay silty clay with sand silty sand silty clay silty clay with sand sandy silt medium and coarse sand
1 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
2 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
3 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
4 ZX163 2.2 6 15.5 29.5 34.2 34.9
5 ZX908 1.2 3.4 7.1 15.4 29.4 41.5 43.2 55
6
7 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
8 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
9
10 ZX181 1.6 3 6 17 30 40.8 43.2 44
11 ZX745 1.7 3.4 6.1 16.4 25
12 ZX747 2.6 5.6 8.5 15.5 29 30
13 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
14 ZX873 3.5 3.9 8 14 28.5 49.6 55.5
15 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
16 ZX774 2 3 8 17 23.7 30
17
18 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
19 ZX531 1.6 3.45 9.25 18.6 25.5 29.4 38 43.4 64 77.1 82.2
20 ZX873 3.5 3.9 8 14 28.5 49.6 55.5
21 ZX1276 2.5 5.2 12.6 15.5 27 33.1 35
22 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
23 ZX821 2.8 7 14 28.5 30
24 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
25 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
26 ZX727 3.2 8.9 17.5 28.1 38 40.5 57.8 70.5 76 105
27 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
28 ZX254 1.1 3.4 6.4 12.8 24.4 28 30
29 ZX630 1.4 3.2 8 14 24.8 30 33 49.3
30
31 ZX531 1.6 3.45 9.25 18.6 25.5 29.4 38 43.4 64 77.1 82.2
32 ZX747 2.6 5.6 8.5 15.5 29 30
33 ZX745 1.7 3.4 6.1 16.4 25
34
35 ZX531 1.6 3.45 9.25 18.6 25.5 29.4 38 43.4 64 77.1 82.2
36* ZX1176 2 2.8 9 17.8 25 30
37 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
38 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
39 ZX729 3.5 12.6 26 30
40
41 ZX747 2.6 5.6 8.5 15.5 29 30
42 SJL18 3.5 14.3 32.3
43 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
44 ZX610 1.4 3.5 15.5 19 21 37.7 39.8
45 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
46 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
47 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
48 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
49 ZX928 2.2 4.5 8 17 29.5 30.3
50 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
51 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76
52 ZX745 1.7 3.4 6.1 16.4 25
53
54
55
56 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
57 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
58 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
59 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
60 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
61 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
62 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
63 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
64
65 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
66
67 ZX128 2 4.6 7.6 9.8 18 25.4 27.5 35 40 49 50.4
68
69 ZX163 2.2 6 15.5 29.5 34.2 34.9
70 ZX703 0.5 2.6 10.6 18 24 30.6 35.5 65
71 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
72 ZX774 2 3 8 17 23.7 30
73
74
75 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
76 ZX821 2.8 7 14 28.5 30
77 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
78 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
79 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
80 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
81 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
82 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
83
84 ZX132 2.5 3.7 8 18.3 30 44.5 65 75
85 ZX132 2.5 3.7 8 18.3 30 44.5 65 75
86 ZX821 2.8 7 14 28.5 30
87 BSC3 1.7 3.9 6.8 12.2 19.5 26 45
88 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
89 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
90 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
91 ZX928 2.2 4.5 8 17 29.5 30.3
92 ZX928 2.2 4.5 8 17 29.5 30.3
93 ZX484 1.3 2.8 8 18 20
94 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
95 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
96 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
97 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
98 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
99 ZX181 1.6 3 6 17 30 40.8 43.2 44
100 ZX128 2 4.6 7.6 9.8 18 25.4 27.5 35 40 49 50.4
101 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
102 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
103 ZX132 2.5 3.7 8 18.3 30 44.5 65 75
104 ZX132 2.5 3.7 8 18.3 30 44.5 65 75
105 ZX578 1.8 3.5 8.5 17.1 25 29.5 35 42 50.5 73
106 ZX774 2 3 8 17 23.7 30
107 ZX774 2 3 8 17 23.7 30
108 ZX797 1.7 3 8.3 15.8 28 44.5 49.6 56
109 ZX457 0.8 2.8 7.1 17.5 24.6 28.5 36.5
110 LG110 2.3 3.7 9.4 17.6 29.4 38.1 41.1 65.5
111 ZX202 0.8 3 11.2 15 19 35 50
112 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
113
114
115
116
117
118 ZX132 2.5 3.7 8 18.3 30 44.5 65 75
119 ZX727 3.2 8.9 17.5 28.1 38 40.5 57.8 70.5 76 105
120 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
121 ZX508 1 1.8 6.8 14.5 21 26.4 28.3 33 48.3
122 ZX368X
123 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
124 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
125 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
126 ZX457 0.8 2.8 7.1 17.5 24.6 28.5 36.5
127
128 ZX811X 1.4 3 9 16.4 20.8 27.1 36.6 40
129 ZX1031 1.7 4.2 8.7 19.5 24.8 30
130 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
131 ZX1276 2.5 5.2 12.6 15.5 27 33.1 35
132 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
133 ZX875 1 3.7 5.2 15.2 29 44.9 46.5 51.6 56 67.3 75.3
134 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
135 ZX823 3.5 3.9 8 14 28.5 49.6 55.5
136 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
137 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
138 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
139
140
141 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
142
143
144 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
145 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
146 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
147 ZX702X 2.8 9 19 30 40
148 ZX875 1 3.7 5.2 15.2 29 44.9 46.5 51.6 56 67.3 75.3
149 ZX181 1.6 3 6 17 30 40.8 43.2 44
150 ZX1187 0.7 4 6 10 17 24 30
151 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
152 ZX133 2.6 6.5 17 27.6 30 37 63 75
153
154 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
155 ZX907 2 7.4 15.4 29.5 46.1 48.1 70 75 90
156 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
157 BSL64 1.2 3.4 6 7.1 17.9 25.4 45.4
158
159
160 ZX694 3.7 9.6 18 25 28.6 32 35.4
161 ZX977 1.5 4 6.5 15.4
162
163 ZX508 1 1.8 6.8 14.5 21 26.4 28.3 33 48.3
164
165 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
166 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
167 ZX114 1 2.7 9.5 19 31 43 47.2 55
168 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
169 ZX615 1.5 3.8 9.8 14.3 24.7 31 39 48 58 68 70
170 ZX1276 2.5 5.2 12.6 15.5 27 33.1 35
171
172
173 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
174 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
175
176
177 ZX694 3.7 9.6 18 25 28.6 32 35.4
178 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
179
180 ZX630 1.4 3.2 8 14 24.8 30 33 49.3
181 ZX401 2 3.3 9 10 20.3 25.2 29.4 35.2
? ZX630 1.4 3.2 8 14 24.8 30 33 49.3
182 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
183 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
184 ZX771 1.9 3.5 8.7 18 27 45.9
185 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
186 ZX731 0.8 2 9.4 17.4 25 28 36 45
187 LG121 1.3 3.6 8.9 17.8 25.1 35 39 72.4 85
188 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
189 ZX823 3.5 3.9 8 14 28.5 49.6 55.5
190 ZX104 1 2.2 5.5 8 14.2 19.8 25.5 26.7
191 ZX1187 0.7 4 6 10 17 24 30
193 ZX1187 0.7 4 6 10 17 24 30
194 ZX747 2.6 5.6 8.5 15.5 29 30
195
196 ZX397 1.2 3 5.7 7.5 15 18.6 22.5 27.5 35
197 ZX181 1.6 3 6 17 30 40.8 43.2 44
197
198
199
200
201 ZX728 1.2 2.2 5.6 14.4 29 51.6 55.8 60 67 73 89.6
202 ZX744 3.3 9.3 15.8 27.6 30.3 36 55.8 72.5 76 80
203 ZX630 1.4 3.2 8 14 24.8 30 33 49.3
203 ZX905 1.7 2.7 6 15.2 28 37 50.5 54.5 70 76 90
204
205 ZX747 2.6 5.6 8.5 15.5 29 30
206 ZX503X 1.8 3.5 6.5 8.5 18 22 25 34 40
207 ZX531 1.6 3.45 9.25 18.6 25.5 29.4 38 43.4 64 77.1 82.2
208 ZX1187 0.7 4 6 10 17 24 30
209 ZX1270 0.9 3.3 7.7 20 24 43.5 46.8 50.3
210 ZX811X 1.4 3 9 16.4 20.8 27.1 36.6 40
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225 ZX811X 1.4 3 9 16.4 20.8 27.1 36.6 40
226 ZX819 1.4 3.5 6 15 33.3 40
227
228 ZX158 2 6 9.3 17.5 28 32.3 36 40
229 SJL18 3.5 14.3 32.3
230 ZX750 1.2 3 9.4 17.9 23.8 28.6 37.1 68 76 80
231 ZX128 2 4.6 7.6 9.8 18 25.4 27.5 35 40 49 50.4
232 ZX254 1.1 3.4 6.4 12.8 24.4 28 30
233
234 SJL18 3.5 14.3 32.3
235 ZZ776 0.5 2 6.8 8.7 16.4 24.6 29.1 36 69 76 84.4
236
237 ZX509 1.6 3.2 8.9 9.6 17.4 27.2 29.8 30
238
239
240 ZX1170 2.2 10.5 17.5 23.1 29.2 36 69 75
241
242 Z1118 1.6 3 15.4 16.5 18.5 44.5 55 58 69.5 71
243 ZX928 2.2 4.5 8 17 29.5 30.3
244 ZX796 1.1 3.8 8.6 16.3 17 20.25
245 ZX1010X 1.2 2.5 7.5 17.5 24 28 40
246 ZX727 3.2 8.9 17.5 28.1 38 40.5 57.8 70.5 76
247 ZX873 1 3.1 7.5 17 18.9 27.7 41 46.8 50
248
249 ZX694 3.7 9.6 18 25 28.6 32 35.4
  
Roman
B = width of excavation
b = exponent in the strength mobilization framework of Vardanega & Bolton [18]
C= thickness of soil layers 3 and 4 in Shanghai (definition in Xu [1])
Cmax = depth of deformation mechanism
cu = undrained shear strength
D= depth of clay below excavation level
d= depth in a soil layer
d1 = depth to first prop
EI = flexural rigidity per unit width of a retaining wall
Hwall = wall length
H = excavation depth
K0 = coefficient of earth pressure at rest
M= mobilization factor (can be considered a factor of safety on shear strength) (also used to denote the slope of critical state line in q-p' space)
N60 = SPT blowcount
Nk = cone factor
np = number of props
OCR = overconsolidation ratio
p′ = mean effective stress
p′0 = initial mean effective stress
q = deviator stress
qt = corrected cone resistance
s = characteristic support spacing
t = wall thickness
wmax = maximum measured wall bulge
Greek
β = mobilized strength ratio
γ = shear strain (taken as 1.5 timesthe axial stainin this paper)
γM=2 = mobilization strain (shear strain to mobilize 0.5cu)
γsat = saturated unit weight of soil
γw = unit weight of water
δw = incremental wall displacement
δwmax = maximum incremental soil displacement
δγ = shear strain increment of the soil
?P = incremental change in potential energy
?W= incremental work done by soil
?U= incremental change in elastic strain energy in wall
?/L= relative settlement
εmax = maximum bending strain induced in a wall
η = system stiffness
η* = modified system stiffness
λ = wavelength of the wall deformation mechanism
σvo = overburden pressure
τ = shear strength
τmob = mobilized shear stress at shear strain, γ
τmob/cu = degree of strength mobilization
ψ = displacement factor
ψ* = modified displacement factor
Statistical terms
n= number of data-points used to generate a correlation
p= the smallest level of significance that would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, i.e., that the value of r = 0, in the case of determining the p-value for regression
r = correlation coefficient
R2 = coefficient of determination (the square of the correlation coefficient, r)
RD = relative deviation
SE= standard error in a regression, a quantification of deviation about the fitted line
COV = coefficient of variation (ratio of the standard deviation to the mean)
μ = standard deviation
  
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