Structural performance of nuclear containment structures and power plant facilities is of critical importance for public safety. The performance of concrete in a high-speed hard projectile impact is a complex problem due to a combination of multiple failure modes including brittle tensile fracture, crushing, and spalling. In this study, reinforced concrete (RC) and steel-concrete-steel sandwich (SCSS) panels are investigated under high-speed hard projectile impact. Two modeling techniques, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and conventional finite element (FE) analysis with element erosion are used. Penetration depth and global deformation are compared between doubly RC and SCSS panels in order to identify the advantages of the presence of steel plates over the reinforcement layers. A parametric analysis of the front and rear plate thicknesses of the SCSS configuration showed that the SCSS panel with a thick front plate has the best performance in controlling the hard projectile. While a thick rear plate is effective in the case of a large and soft projectile as the plate reduces the rear deformation. The effects of the impact angle and impact velocity are also considered. It was observed that the impact angle for the flat nose missile is critical and the front steel plate is effective in minimizing penetration depth.
. [J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2019, 13(5): 1120-1137.
Mohammad HANIFEHZADEH, Bora GENCTURK. An investigation of ballistic response of reinforced and sandwich concrete panels using computational techniques. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(5): 1120-1137.
J G Nie, H S Hu, J S Fan, M X Tao, S Y Li, F J Liu. Experimental study on seismic behavior of high-strength concrete filled double-steel-plate composite walls. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2013, 88: 206–219 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.05.001
2
M Takeuchi, M Narikawa, I Matsuo, K Hara, S Usami. Study on a concrete filled structure for nuclear power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 1998, 179(2): 209–223 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-5493(97)00282-3
3
K M A Sohel, J Y Richard Liew, C G Koh. Numerical modelling of lightweight steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite beams subjected to impact. Thin-walled Structures, 2015, 94: 135–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.04.001
4
M Ebad Sichani, J E Padgett, V Bisadi. Probabilistic seismic analysis of concrete dry cask structures. Structural Safety, 2018, 73: 87–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2018.03.001
5
H Jiang, M G Chorzepa. Aircraft impact analysis of nuclear safety-related concrete structures: A review. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, 46: 118–133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.08.008
6
C C Huang, T Y Wu. A study on dynamic impact of vertical concrete cask tip-over using explicit finite element analysis procedures. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2009, 36(2): 213–221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2008.11.014
7
M Ebad Sichani, M Hanifehzadeh, J E Padgett, B Gencturk. Probabilistic analysis of vertical concrete dry casks subjected to tip-over and aging effects. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2019, 343: 232–247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.12.003
8
J D Riera. On the stress analysis of structures subjected to aircraft impact forces. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 1968, 8(4): 415–426 https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(68)90039-3
9
M Hanifehzadeh, B Gencturk, R Mousavi. A numerical study of spent nuclear fuel dry storage systems under extreme impact loading. Engineering Structures, 2018, 161(1): 68–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.068
10
K Sohel, J R Liew. Behavior of steel-concrete-steel sandwich slabs subject to impact load. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2014, 100: 163–175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.04.018
11
M Abdel-Kader, A Fouda. Effect of reinforcement on the response of concrete panels to impact of hard projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2014, 63: 1–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.07.005
12
J C Bruhl, A H Varma, J M Kim. Static resistance function for steel-plate composite (SC) walls subject to impactive loading. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2015, 295: 843–859 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.037
13
C Heckötter, A Vepsä. Experimental investigation and numerical analyses of reinforced concrete structures subjected to external missile impact. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2015, 84: 56–67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2015.02.007
14
Y B Sudhir Sastry, P R Budarapu, Y Krishna, S Devaraj. Studies on ballistic impact of the composite panels. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2014, 72: 2–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2014.07.010
15
P R Budarapu, R Gracie, S W Yang, X Zhuang, T Rabczuk. Efficient coarse graining in multiscale modeling of fracture. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2014, 69: 126–143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2013.12.004
16
Y Wu, D Wang, C T Wu. Three dimensional fragmentation simulation of concrete structures with a nodally regularized meshfree method. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2014, 72: 89–99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2014.04.006
17
Y Wu, D Wang, C T Wu, H Zhang. A direct displacement smoothing meshfree particle formulation for impact failure modeling. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 87: 169–185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.03.013
18
L Lucy. A numerical approach to the testing of the fission hypothesis. Astronomical Journal, 1977, 82: 1013–1024 https://doi.org/10.1086/112164
19
R A Gingold, J J Monaghan. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Theory and application to non-spherical stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1977, 181(3): 375–389 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/181.3.375
20
G R Liu, M B Liu. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Meshfree Particle Method. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003
21
T Rabczuk, T Belytschko. Cracking particles: A simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2004, 61(13): 2316–2343 https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1151
22
T Rabczuk, G Zi. A meshfree method based on the local partition of unity for cohesive cracks. Computational Mechanics, 2007, 39(6): 743–760 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-006-0067-4
23
T Rabczuk, J Eibl. Modelling dynamic failure of concrete with meshfree methods. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2006, 32(11): 1878–1897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.02.008
24
P Randles, L Libersky. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Some recent improvements and applications. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1996, 139(1–4): 375–408 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01090-0
25
H Ren, X Zhuang, Y Cai, T Rabczuk. Dual-horizon peridynamics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2016, 108(12): 1451–1476 https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.5257
A Dancygier, D Yankelevsky. High strength concrete response to hard projectile impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1996, 18(6): 583–599 https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(95)00063-G
28
Dassault Systemes. ABAQUS, 6.14, Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA, 2016
29
H D Hibbitt, B I Karlsson, E P Sorensen. ABAQUS User’s & Theory Manuals, 6.14, Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA, 2013
30
S Lee, S S Cho, J E Jeon, K Y Kim, K S Seo. Impact analyses and tests of concrete overpacks of spent nuclear fuel storage casks. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2014, 46(1): 73–80 https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.06.2013.005
31
L J Malvar. Review of static and dynamic properties of steel reinforcing bars. Materials Journal, 1998, 95(5): 609–616
C A Ross, J W Tedesco, S T Kuennen. Effects of strain rate on concrete strength. Materials Journal, 1995, 92(1): 37–47
34
J Leppänen. Concrete Structures Subjected to Fragment Impacts. Goteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, 2004
35
Q Li, H Meng. About the dynamic strength enhancement of concrete-like materials in a split Hopkinson pressure bar test. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2003, 40(2): 343–360 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00526-7
36
CEB-FIP. Design of Concrete Structures. Euro-International Committee for Concrete (CEB). Lausanne, Switzerland, 1993
37
UFC. Unified facilities criteria (UFC), structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions, UFC 3-340-02. U.S. Department of Defence, 2008
38
H Kupfer, H K Hilsdorf, H Rusch. Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses. ACI Journal Proceedings, 1969, 66(8): 656–666
39
H B Kupfer, K H Gerstle. Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 1973, 99(4): 853–866
M Hanifehzadeh, B Gencturk, K Willam. Dynamic structural response of reinforced concrete dry storage casks subjected to impact considering material degradation. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2017, 325: 192–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.10.001
42
T Jankowiak, T Lodygowski. Identification of parameters of concrete damage plasticity constitutive model. Foundations of civil and environmental engineering, 2005, 6(1):53–69
43
E. Hognestad Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1951
44
T Wang, T T Hsu. Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete structures using new constitutive models. Computers & Structures, 2001, 79(32): 2781–2791 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00157-2
45
H G Harris, G Sabnis. Structural modeling and experimental techniques. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 1999
46
G R Cowper, P S Symonds. Strain-hardening and Strain-rate Effects in the Impact Loading of Cantilever Beams. DTIC Document, 1957
47
L J Malvar, J E Crawford. Dynamic increase factors for steel reinforcing bars. In: 28th DDESB Seminar, Orlando, USA, 1998
48
ASTM. Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel, A36/A36M. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2014
49
ASTM. Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM A615/A615M-16. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2016
50
Y Kawamoto, J Stepan. Analytical Study of Reinforced Concrete Slab Subjected to Soft Missile Impact. SMiRT-23, Manchester, UK, 2015
51
J Rodríguez Soler, F J Martinez Cutillas, J Marti Rodriguez. Concrete constitutive model, calibration and applications. In: SIMULIA Community Conference, Vienna, Austria, 2013
52
R Kennedy. A review of procedures for the analysis and design of concrete structures to resist missile impact effects. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 1976, 37(2): 183–203 https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(76)90015-7
53
A K Kar. Local effects of tornado-generated missiles. Journal of the Structural Division, 1978, 104(5): 809–816
54
R Linderman, J Rotz, G Yeh. Design of structures for missile impact. San Francisco: Bechtel Power Corp., 1974